NY Science Standards Wiki - User contributions [en]

HS-PS1-6

2026-09-27T18:43:34Z

Conradrichman: Vocabulary: even out spacing between subheadings, lists, and the Resources section

{{DISPLAYTITLE:HS-PS1-6 {{!}} Chemical Equilibrium}}
{{Navlinks|HS-PS1-5|HS-PS1-7|← HS-PS1-5|HS-PS1-7 →}}
{{learningstandard
| ls = Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased
amounts of products at equilibrium.
| cs = Emphasis is on the application of Le Chatelier’s Principle and on refining designs of chemical reaction systems, including descriptions of the connection between changes made at the macroscopic level and what happens at the molecular level. Examples of designs could include different ways to increase product formation including adding reactants or removing products.
| ab = Assessment is limited to specifying the change in only one variable at a time. Assessment does not include calculating equilibrium constants and concentrations.
}}
''Note: this performance expectation integrates traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea.''

== {{Assessmentheading}} ==
{{assessmentmessage}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Exam
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Cluster
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2026 Chemistry Exam|August 2026]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry|Pool Water Chemistry]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|Question 24]]
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Chemistry Exam|June 2026]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood|Equilibria in the Blood]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|Question 14]]
|}

{{PerformanceLevel}}
{{PLTable
| Level5 = Optimize the design of a chemical system by explaining how multiple changes to experimental conditions will increase the amounts of products in a system at equilibrium.
| Level4 = Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.
| Level3 = Explain how a change in the design of a chemical system and/or experimental conditions would affect the amount of products and/or reactants at equilibrium.
| Level2 = Identify a modification to the design or to the experimental conditions of a chemical system and/or describe the effect on the products and/or reactants at equilibrium.
| Level1 = Use information provided to identify a change in the experimental conditions that would modify the amount of products or reactants at equilibrium.
}}

== Vocabulary ==
Terms from the [[Chemistry Glossary]] that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.

<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.25em;">From this standard</div>
<div style="column-width:14em; margin-bottom:1em;">
* chemical reaction
* chemical reaction system
* chemical system
* concentration
* criteria
* design solution
* dynamic equilibrium
* equilibrium
* equilibrium constant
* evidence
* Le Chatelier’s Principle
* macroscopic level
* molecular level
* optimize
* particle
* product
* reactant
* reaction
* reverse reaction
* system
* variable
</div>

<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.25em;">From released exam questions</div>
<div style="column-width:22em; margin-bottom:1em;">
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|catalyst]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|equilibrium shift]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|forward reaction]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|pressure]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|stress (on an equilibrium system)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|volume]] – June 2026
</div>

<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.25em;">Implied by this standard</div>
<div style="margin-bottom:1em;">
* reversible reaction – implied by "balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction"
</div>

== {{Resourcesheading}} ==
{{resourcesmessage}}

{{expandthissection}} 

== {{Dimensionsheading}} ==
{{dimensionsmessage}}

{{Dimensionstable
| SEP1 = Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
* Refine a solution to a complex real-world problem, based on scientific knowledge, student-generated sources of evidence, prioritized criteria, and tradeoff considerations.
| DCI1 = PS1.B: Chemical Reactions
* (NYSED) In many situations, a dynamic and condition dependent balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction determines the numbers of all types of particles present.
| DCI2 = EST1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution
* Criteria may need to be broken down into simpler ones that can be approached systematically, and decisions about the priority of certain criteria over others (tradeoffs) may be needed.
| CC1 = Stability and Change
* Much of science deals with constructing explanations of how things change and how they remain stable.
}}

{{Pagecontributors}}

{{Bottomnav
| SUBJECT = [[Chemistry|{{#far:atom}} Chemistry]]
| TOPIC = HS. Chemical Reactions
}}
<metadesc>NYS Standard HS-PS1-6: Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.</metadesc>

HS-PS1-6

2026-09-26T07:23:47Z

Conradrichman: Add a Vocabulary section with this standard’s terms from the Chemistry Glossary (test)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:HS-PS1-6 {{!}} Chemical Equilibrium}}
{{Navlinks|HS-PS1-5|HS-PS1-7|← HS-PS1-5|HS-PS1-7 →}}
{{learningstandard
| ls = Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased
amounts of products at equilibrium.
| cs = Emphasis is on the application of Le Chatelier’s Principle and on refining designs of chemical reaction systems, including descriptions of the connection between changes made at the macroscopic level and what happens at the molecular level. Examples of designs could include different ways to increase product formation including adding reactants or removing products.
| ab = Assessment is limited to specifying the change in only one variable at a time. Assessment does not include calculating equilibrium constants and concentrations.
}}
''Note: this performance expectation integrates traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea.''

== {{Assessmentheading}} ==
{{assessmentmessage}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Exam
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Cluster
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2026 Chemistry Exam|August 2026]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry|Pool Water Chemistry]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|Question 24]]
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Chemistry Exam|June 2026]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood|Equilibria in the Blood]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|Question 14]]
|}

{{PerformanceLevel}}
{{PLTable
| Level5 = Optimize the design of a chemical system by explaining how multiple changes to experimental conditions will increase the amounts of products in a system at equilibrium.
| Level4 = Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.
| Level3 = Explain how a change in the design of a chemical system and/or experimental conditions would affect the amount of products and/or reactants at equilibrium.
| Level2 = Identify a modification to the design or to the experimental conditions of a chemical system and/or describe the effect on the products and/or reactants at equilibrium.
| Level1 = Use information provided to identify a change in the experimental conditions that would modify the amount of products or reactants at equilibrium.
}}

== Vocabulary ==
Terms from the [[Chemistry Glossary]] that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.

'''From this standard'''
<div style="column-width:14em;">
* chemical reaction
* chemical reaction system
* chemical system
* concentration
* criteria
* design solution
* dynamic equilibrium
* equilibrium
* equilibrium constant
* evidence
* Le Chatelier’s Principle
* macroscopic level
* molecular level
* optimize
* particle
* product
* reactant
* reaction
* reverse reaction
* system
* variable
</div>

'''From released exam questions'''
<div style="column-width:22em;">
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|catalyst]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|equilibrium shift]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|forward reaction]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|pressure]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|stress (on an equilibrium system)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|volume]] – June 2026
</div>

'''Implied by this standard'''
* reversible reaction – implied by "balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction"

== {{Resourcesheading}} ==
{{resourcesmessage}}

{{expandthissection}} 

== {{Dimensionsheading}} ==
{{dimensionsmessage}}

{{Dimensionstable
| SEP1 = Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
* Refine a solution to a complex real-world problem, based on scientific knowledge, student-generated sources of evidence, prioritized criteria, and tradeoff considerations.
| DCI1 = PS1.B: Chemical Reactions
* (NYSED) In many situations, a dynamic and condition dependent balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction determines the numbers of all types of particles present.
| DCI2 = EST1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution
* Criteria may need to be broken down into simpler ones that can be approached systematically, and decisions about the priority of certain criteria over others (tradeoffs) may be needed.
| CC1 = Stability and Change
* Much of science deals with constructing explanations of how things change and how they remain stable.
}}

{{Pagecontributors}}

{{Bottomnav
| SUBJECT = [[Chemistry|{{#far:atom}} Chemistry]]
| TOPIC = HS. Chemical Reactions
}}
<metadesc>NYS Standard HS-PS1-6: Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.</metadesc>

Earth & Space Science Glossary

2026-09-26T07:06:40Z

Conradrichman: Add dwarf planet (The Moons of Pluto, question 19), from the cluster passage now shown on that page

This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-ESS2-1]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Geologic time and named events|geologic time and named events]], [[#Earth materials|Earth materials]], [[#Places, features and people|places, features and people]], [[#Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments|celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments]], [[#Reference tables|reference tables]], [[#Equations and units|equations and units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]].

== Vocabulary from the standards ==
Terms used in the Earth and space science performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (argument, evidence-based forecast, criteria, constraints, trade-offs) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: [[HS-ESS1-2]] with physics, [[HS-ESS2-6]] and [[HS-ESS2-7]] with biology, and the four engineering design standards ([[HS-ETS1-1]] to [[HS-ETS1-4]]) with all four science courses.
=== A ===
* [[HS-ESS1-6|absolute ages]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|absorption]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|agricultural efficiency]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|agricultural soil use]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|air masses]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|ancient Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|argument]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|asteroids]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|astronomical evidence]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|atmosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|atmospheric composition]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|atomic nuclei]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|axis of rotation]]

=== B ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|Big Bang theory]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|biodiversity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|biogeochemical cycles]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|biogeology]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|biosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|biosphere feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|blizzards]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|brightness]]

=== C ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|carbon dioxide]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon dioxide concentrations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial bodies]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial events]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|central ancient core]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|characteristic frequencies of light]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|chemical weathering]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|circulation patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate change]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate factors]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|climate feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate system]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|coastal erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|collision]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|competing design solutions]]
* [[HS-ETS1-2|complex real-world problem]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|composition]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|composition of matter]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|compositional elements]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|computational representation]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|computational simulation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|conceptual modeling]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|conservation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|constraints]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|constructive processes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|continental crust]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|continental features]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|continental rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|convection currents]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coral reefs]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|cosmic microwave background]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|cost-benefit ratios]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|costs and benefits]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|cratering record]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|criteria]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|crust]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|crustal rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|cryosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|cyclical changes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|cycling of carbon]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|cycling of matter]]

=== D ===
* [[HS-ESS2-2|dammed rivers]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|delta]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|density]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|deposition]]
* [[HS-ETS1-4|design solution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|destructive processes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|droughts]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|dynamic causes and effects]]

=== E ===
* [[HS-ESS1-1|Earth]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|Earth’s early oceans]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|Earth’s formation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s interior]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s layers]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s magnetic field]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s orbit]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|Earth’s surface]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s systems]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|earthquakes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|eclipse]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|ecosystem degradation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|electromagnetic energy]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|electromagnetic radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|element formation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|elements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|elliptical orbits]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|energy and mineral resources]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|energy flow]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer mechanisms]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|evidence-based forecast]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|evolution of life]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|expanding universe]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|exponential decay law]]

=== F ===
* [[HS-ESS2-7|feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fertile soils]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|floods]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|flow of energy]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fresh water]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|frontal boundaries]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|frost wedging]]

=== G ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|galaxy]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|geoengineering]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|geologic history]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|geologic processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|geological record]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|geoscience data]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|geoscience factors]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|geoscience problem]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|geosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|glacial ice]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|glacial ice volumes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|glaciers]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|global challenge]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|global temperatures]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|gravitational attraction]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|greenhouse gases]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ground vegetation]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|groundwater]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|groundwater recharge]]

=== H ===
* [[HS-ESS2-7|habitats]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|half-life]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|heavier elements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|high and low pressure systems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|human activity]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|human impacts]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|humidity]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|hurricanes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|hydrologic cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|hydrosphere]]

=== I ===
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ice]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|ice ages]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous rock]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|impacts of human activities]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|infiltration]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|inner core]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|intensity and distribution of sunlight]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|interior processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|internal and surface processes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|interstellar gases]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|isotope]]

=== K ===
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Kepler's laws]]

=== L ===
* [[HS-ESS3-1|lakes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|land features]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|land plants]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|land surface use]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|life cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|life span of the sun]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|lifetimes of other stars]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|light spectra]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|livestock]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|living organisms]]

=== M ===
* [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle convection]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|marine populations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|mass]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mass migrations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|mass of a star]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mass wasting]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|massive stars]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|melt generation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|melting temperature]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|metamorphic rock]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microbial life]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microorganisms]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|mid-ocean ridges]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|migration]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|mining]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mitigate]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|model]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|moon]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|motion of distant galaxies]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|mountain]]

=== N ===
* [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural hazards]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural resources]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|natural systems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|negative feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|neutron]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|new technologies]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Newtonian gravity]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|non-cyclic variations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|North American continental crust]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|nuclear fusion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|nucleosynthesis]]

=== O ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|observation and experiment]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|observations]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|ocean]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|ocean acidification]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|ocean circulation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|ocean floor]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|ocean-floor features]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|oceanic crust]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|orbital motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|orbiting objects]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|ordinary matter]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|orientation of its axis]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|outer core]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|outgassing]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|outward flow of energy]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen production]]

=== P ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|peer review]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|per-capita consumption]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|permeability]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|phases of the moon]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|photosynthetic biomass]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|photosynthetic life]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|physical and chemical properties]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|planetary surfaces]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|planets]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate interaction]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|plate movements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate spreading]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|plate tectonic movement]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate tectonics]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|plateaus]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|pollutants]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|pollution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|porosity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|positive feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|precipitation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|precipitation patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|prevailing global winds]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|primordial radiation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|prioritized criteria]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|properties of water]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|proton]]

=== Q ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|quantitative model]]

=== R ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|radial layers]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|radioactive decay]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|radiometric dating]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|receding galaxies]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|recrystallization]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|recycling]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|recycling of Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|red shift]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|reefs]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|reflection]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|regional climate change]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|relative ages]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|relative motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|relative positions]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|release energy]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|remnant radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|residual heat]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|resource extraction]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|resource management]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|reuse]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|ridges]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|risk mitigation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|river]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|rock cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|rock record]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|rock types]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|runoff]]

=== S ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|satellites]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|scientific reasoning]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|scientific theory]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|sea level]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|sea organism health]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|sea-floor features]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|seamounts]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|seasons]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|sediment transport]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|sedimentary rock]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|seismic waves]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|severe weather]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|shape of Earth’s orbit]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|social, cultural, and environmental impacts]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|soil]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|soil erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|soil formation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|solar flares]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|solar output]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|solar system]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|solubility]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|space weather]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|spatial scales]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|species diversity]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|stars]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream deposition]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream transportation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|strength of tides]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|stromatolites]]
* [[HS-ETS1-2|sub-problems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|subduction]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sun’s core]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sunspot cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|supernova]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|surface mining]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|surface processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|surface temperature]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|sustainability]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|system feedback]]

=== T ===
* [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|technological solution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|tectonic events]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|tectonic uplift]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|temporal scales]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|thermal convection]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|tides]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|timescale]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|tornadoes]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|trade-offs]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|trenches]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|tsunamis]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|types of eclipses]]

=== U ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|uneven heating]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|unifying theory]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|universe]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|unstable isotopes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|urban development]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|urban planning]]

=== V ===
* [[HS-ESS2-1|valleys]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic activity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic ash clouds]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|volcanic eruptions]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|volcanism]]

=== W ===
* [[HS-ESS3-3|waste management]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|wavelength]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|weather conditions]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|weather patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|weathering]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|weathering rates]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland extent]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland loss]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetlands]]

== Vocabulary from released exams ==
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster: the five sample clusters NYSED published in 2024 and the June 2025, August 2025, January 2026, June 2026 and August 2026 exams. The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question, usually the one that defines it. Named places, materials and objects are listed in their own sections below.
=== A ===
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|abrasives]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q3|absolute dating]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|absolute magnitude]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q4|absorption lines]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|abyssal plain]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|accretion]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|accretionary wedge]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|acid mine drainage]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|acid rain]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|acidic]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|active volcanoes]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|aerosols]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|age of the universe]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|agricultural runoff]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|air mass source region]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q2|air pollution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|air quality]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|air-sea gas exchange]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|albedo]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q4|albedo effect]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|algae]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|algal bloom]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|alkaline]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|angular diameter]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|annular solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|anomaly]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|aphelion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|apogean spring tides]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apogee]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|apparent brightness]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apparent size]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|aquifer]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|arable land]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|archipelago]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|arthropod]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|artificial impacts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|asthenosphere]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q5|atmospheric oxygen]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|atmospheric pressure]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|auto exhaust]] – Sample 2024

=== B ===
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|bacteria]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|banded iron formations]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|barrier island]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|barrier sand bar]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|basin]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|bedrock]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|binary star system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|bioaccumulation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|biomass fuel]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|black hole]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|black smokers]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|blending ratio]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|blue-shift]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|brackish water]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|breakwaters]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|brine]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|burial]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|butte]] – Sample 2024

=== C ===
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|calthemite straws]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|canyon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|carbon emissions]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q2|carbon footprint]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|carbon mineralization]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|carbon sinks]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|carbon uptake]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q3|carbon-14]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonate ions]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|caves]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|cementation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|central uplift]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|Cepheid variable]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|chromosphere]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|cladogram]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|climate zone]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|coastal flooding]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q4|cold front]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|comets]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|common ancestor]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|compaction]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|compressional wave velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation nuclei]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|constellation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|contaminated sediments]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental antarctic (cAA)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental arctic (cA)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|continental drift]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental polar (cP)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|continental rift zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|continental shelf]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental tropical (cT)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|convective zone]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|convergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|corona]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|coronal mass ejection]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|craton]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|crescent phase]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|crystal lattice]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|crystallization]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|cyanobacteria]] – Jan 2026

=== D ===
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|dams]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|decay product]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|decomposition]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|deforestation]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q5|degassing pipes]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q4|desertification]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|dissolution]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|dissolved oxygen]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|divergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|drainage basin]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|dredging]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|drill core]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|drinking water]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|dropstones]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|dunes]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|dwarf planet]] – Jan 2026

=== E ===
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|early warning system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|Earth’s rotation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|earthquake swarm]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|eccentricity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|ecliptic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|eddies]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|ejecta]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|emissions]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|Energy Return on Investment (EROI)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|enhanced rock weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|eolian]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Equator]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|eruption column]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|estuary]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|eurypterid]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|evaporation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|evapotranspiration]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|extinct volcanoes]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|extrasolar planets]] – June 2026

=== F ===
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|fast carbon cycle]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|fault]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|felsic]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Ferrel Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|first quarter moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood basalts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood plain]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|folding]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|food chain]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|fossil forest]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|fossil fuel reserves]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|fossils]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|fracture zone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|free oxygen]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|freeze-thaw cycles]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|full moon]] – Sample 2024

=== G ===
* [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q5|gamma-ray burst]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|geologic epoch]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|geologic periods]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|geologic time]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|geothermal energy]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|geothermal gradient]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|ghost forest]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|giant impact hypothesis]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|glacial melting]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|glaciation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|global warming]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|gorge]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|granitic plutons]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|gravitational collapse]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|gravitational field strength]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|gravitational force]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|gravity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|greenhouse gas emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|groundwater contamination]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q4|growth lines]] – Aug 2026

=== H ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Hadley Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|hardness]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|hazard map]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heat wave]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heating and cooling degree days]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|helium flash]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|high tide]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|horse latitudes]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|hot spot]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Hubble's Law]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|hydroelectric energy]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|hydrothermal vents]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxia]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxic zone]] – Aug 2026

=== I ===
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|ice extent]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|ice sheet]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|ice volcanoes]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|ice-core data]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|igneous intrusions]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|impact craters]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|impermeable]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|index fossils]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|inflation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|infrared radiation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|inlet]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|inner planets]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|inorganic carbon]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|intrusive igneous rock]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|irrigation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|island arc]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|island chain]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q3|isobars]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|isolines]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q2|isotherms]] – June 2026

=== J ===
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|jet stream]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|Jovian planets]] – June 2025

=== K ===
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|kiln]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|kinetic impactor]] – Jan 2026

=== L ===
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|land bridge]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|land use]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|landfall]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q2|landslides]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|last quarter moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|late heavy bombardment]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|latitude]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lava]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lava flows]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Leavitt's Law]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|life cycle emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|lithification]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lithosphere]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|lithospheric plates]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|low tide]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|lower mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|luminosity]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar crust]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar highlands]] – Sample 2024

=== M ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|mafic]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|magma]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|magma chamber]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic field reversal]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic minerals]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|magnetic polarity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|magnetism]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|main sequence]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|mantle plume]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mare]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|marine calcifiers]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|marine cloud brightening (MCB)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime equatorial (mE)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime polar (mP)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime tropical (mT)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q3|mass extinction]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|mechanical weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|megafires]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mesa]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|metamorphism]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|meteorite impacts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|meteorologist]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|methane]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|microfossils]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|microplastics]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|microplate]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|mineral weathering]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|molten rock]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|moon formation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|moonquake]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|moraine]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|mountain range]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|multiple-star system]] – June 2026

=== N ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|natural disaster]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|neap tide]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|nested deep moonquakes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|neutron star]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|new moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|non-renewable resource]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|Northern Hemisphere]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|nuclear energy]] – Sample 2024

=== O ===
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|obliquity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|observable universe]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|ocean currents]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|ocean gyres]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|ocean heat content]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|open pit mine]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|orbital period]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|orbital speed]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|orbital velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q6|over-pumping]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|overgrazing]] – June 2025

=== P ===
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|paleomap]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|Pangea]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|parent isotope]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q3|partial melting]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|peninsula]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|perigean spring tides]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|perigee]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|perihelion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|period of revolution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|permafrost]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|pH scale]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|phases of Venus]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|photosphere]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|photosynthesis]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|physical weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|planetary body]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|planetary nebula]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|planetary wind]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|plant cover]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|plasma]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|plastic pollution]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Polar Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Easterlies]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Front Jet Stream]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|polar vortex]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|population growth]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|power grid]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|precipitate]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|prevailing westerlies]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q4|Principle of Superposition]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|proto-Earth]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|pumped storage reservoir]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|pyroclastic flow]] – June 2026

=== Q ===
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|quarry]] – Aug 2026

=== R ===
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|radiative zone]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|radio telescope]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|radioactive isotopes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|rate of erosion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|recessional velocity]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|reclamation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red dwarf]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|red giant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red supergiant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|reflectivity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|renewable resource]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|respiration]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|rift zone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|rifting]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|rigid mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|river discharge]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|river valley]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|rock-forming minerals]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q3|rotational period]] – Jan 2026

=== S ===
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|saline aquifer]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|salinity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|salt front]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|salt marsh]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|saltwater intrusion]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|sand fencing]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|sand mining]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Saros series]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|sea ice]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|sea level rise]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sea-floor spreading]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|seawall]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sediment]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sedimentation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|seismic activity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|shallow moonquakes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|shear wave velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|shield volcano]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|shoreline]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|slow carbon cycle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|slump blocks]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|snow cover]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|snowmelt]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|snowpack]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|soil carbon]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|solar cycle]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|solar energy]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|solar evaporation ponds]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|solar mass]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|solar radiation]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|solar wind]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|specific heat]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|spectral class]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|spectrograph]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|spring tide]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|stalactites]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|states of matter]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|steering flow]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|stellar evolution]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|storm surge]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|storm track]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|stratosphere]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|stratovolcano]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|streak]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|streamflow]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|subatomic particles]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|subducting plate]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|subduction zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|submarine volcano]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q4|subsidence]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|supercontinent]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Superfund site]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|supergiant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|supermoon]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q3|surface ocean currents]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|surface trench]] – Sample 2024

=== T ===
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|tailings]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tailpipe emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|temperature anomaly]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|terrestrial planets]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|thermal expansion]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|thermonuclear reactions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal bulge]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal friction]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|total solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|total solar irradiance]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|trade winds]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|trajectory]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|transform plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q1|transit]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|transition zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|transpiration]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|tributary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|tropical storm]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|troposphere]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|tsunami deposits]] – Jan 2026

=== U ===
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|ultramafic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|ultraviolet radiation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|universal gravitational constant]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|upper mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|urbanization]] – June 2026

=== V ===
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|visible light]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|volcanic arc]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|volcano]] – Sample 2024

=== W ===
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning crescent moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|water cycle]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|water flux]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|water quality]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|water table]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|water vapor]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|waterfall]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|watershed]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing crescent moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|white dwarf]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|wildfire]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|wind erosion]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|wind speed]] – Aug 2025

=== Y ===
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Yarkovsky Effect]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|yellow dwarf star]] – June 2025

=== Z ===
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|zodiac constellations]] – June 2026

== Geologic time and named events ==
Named geologic periods, epochs and events from the released clusters, in alphabetical order.
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Cambrian explosion]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q1|Carboniferous Period]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Devonian Period]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|Great Oxidation Event]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian ice ages]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|Industrial Revolution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Late Cretaceous and Early Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Late Devonian Period]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Little Ice Age]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Maunder Minimum]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Ordovician]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Paleozoic and Mesozoic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Permian]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Permian mass extinction]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|Pleistocene, Miocene and Eocene epochs]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Silurian]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026

== Earth materials ==
Rocks, minerals, elements, resources and pollutants named in the standards and the released clusters, grouped by source.
* '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]], [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]], [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]], [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]], [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]], [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]], [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]], [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]], [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]], [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]], [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]], [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]]

=== Sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|olivine]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|pyroxene]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|garnet]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|spinel]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|feldspar]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|quartz]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|magnesium and iron-bearing silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|uranium, thorium and potassium]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|zircon]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|silicon, oxygen and zirconium]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|beach sand, river sediments and wind (eolian) deposits]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|uranium-238 and lead-206]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|hydrogen, helium, lithium and beryllium]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|lithium]], [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|lithium carbonate]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|rebar]]
* '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|quartzite, granite, marble and gneiss]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q2|limestone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|pyrite]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|sandstones and mudstones]]
* '''[[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide|Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]]''': [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|olivine]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|calcium carbonate]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|magnetite, olivine, garnet and hematite]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|limestone and dolostone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|crushed stone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|aggregates (sand, gravel and crushed stone)]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|emulsifier]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)]]
* '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|peat]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|shale, sandstone and limestone]]
* '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|copper, nickel, zinc and rare Earth minerals]]
* '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|peat, brown coal, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle|The Slow Carbon Cycle]]''': [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|limestone and shale]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate rocks and carbonate rocks]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|granite and basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen (SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, N<sub>2</sub>)]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|calcite and basaltic rock]]
* '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|limestone and clay]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|clinker]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|gypsum]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Portland cement]]
* '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q4|potassium feldspar, olivine, pyroxene and quartz]]
* '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|granite, peridotite, conglomerate and schist]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|basaltic lava and volcaniclastic rocks]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|sulfur dioxide]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|wollastonite, talc and rare-earth elements]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|zircon crystals]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|granite]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|uranium-238 and uranium-235]]
* '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|basalt]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|plagioclase feldspar]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|cement]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|sand and gravel]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|limestone (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]]

== Places, features and people ==
Named places, landforms, plates, currents and people the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about. [[HS-ESS2-1]] notes that assessment "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features", so these are context, not content to memorize.

=== Sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Juan de Fuca Ridge]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Vancouver Island]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Alfred Wegener]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Appalachian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Caledonian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Central Pangean Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Greenland]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Atlantic Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Pacific Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Gulf of Mexico]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Hudson Bay]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|North America]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Rocky Mountains]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth|The Effect of The Moon on Earth]]''': [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|North Pole]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|France]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance River]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance Tidal Barrage]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|New York State]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Vanderpool, Texas]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate|Earth's Climate]]''': [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|Arctic Ocean]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Arctic Circle]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Bering Sea]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Sea of Okhotsk]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|East Greenland Current]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Northern Europe]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Norwegian Current]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change|Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change]]''': [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|Gulf Stream]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Edwin Hubble]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Hudson River Estuary]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Mohawk River]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Adirondacks]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|New York Harbor]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Hudson Falls]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Fort Edward]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Thompson Island Pool]]
* '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|Atacama region of Chile]]
* '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|Namibia]]
* '''[[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands|Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands]]''': [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Pacific Plate]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Hawaiian Islands]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Mauna Loa]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Kilauea]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Loihi]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Aleutian Trench]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Tonga Trench]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara River]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Horseshoe Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|American Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Ontario]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Erie]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|Niagara Gorge]]
* '''[[Questions:Horse Latitudes|Horse Latitudes]]''': [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q3|Utica, New York]], [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|Bermuda High]]
* '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Upper Glacial, Magothy and Lloyd aquifers]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island Sound]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Fire Island]]
* '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Pyrites Complex]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Northwest Lowlands]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Carthage-Colton Mylonite Zone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Adirondack Mountains]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Tug Hill Plateau]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|St. Lawrence River]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q3|Adirondack Lowlands]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|Montauk Harbor]]
* '''[[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation|Dams and Flood Mitigation]]''': [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Kootenai River]], [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Libby Dam]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Gilboa, New York]], [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Riverside Quarry]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash|Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash]]''': [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Great Pacific Garbage Patch]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Gyre]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Kuroshio Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|California Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Alaska Current]]
* '''[[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems|Evolution of Early Earth Systems]]''': [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian Supergroup]]
* '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Woodbourne Flats Mine]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Neversink River]]
* '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Doggerland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|North Sea]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Shetland Islands]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Dublin, Ireland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Storegga Slide]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Hommelstø]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|English Channel]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|Channel Tunnel]]
* '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Greenland ice sheet]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Baffin Bay]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Labrador Sea]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Denmark Strait]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Letchworth Gorge]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Genesee River]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Mount Morris Dam]]
* '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|Kennecott Utah Copper Mine]]
* '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Gondwana]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Laurussia]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Paleo-Tethys Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Rheic Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Erie-Ontario Lowlands]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Hudson River Valley]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Allegheny Plateau]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Iceland Hotspot|Iceland Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Iceland]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Reykjanes Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|East Pacific Rise]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Cocos Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Nazca Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|Eyjafjallajökull]]
* '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Krakatoa]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Mt. Pinatubo]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Eurasian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Philippine Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Indian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Australian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Java Trench]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|Mt. Merapi]]
* '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Manhattan Prong]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|St. Lawrence Valley]]
* '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Lake Nyos]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Cameroon]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Oku Volcanic Field]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Mt. Cameroon]]
* '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Plate]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Trench]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|West Mariana Ridge]]
* '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Siberian Traps]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Anabar Shield]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|Norilsk, Russia]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Cyclic Patterns|Cyclic Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q1|Jones Inlet, New York]]
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Chesapeake Bay]]
* '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Canary Islands]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|La Palma]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Tenerife]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Gran Canaria]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|El Hierro]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|African Plate]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|Cumbre Vieja]]
* '''[[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River|Dams on the Colorado River]]''': [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Colorado River]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Hoover Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Glen Canyon Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Mead]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Powell]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q4|Grand Canyon]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Yangtze River]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Lake Poyang]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Kingston]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Albany]]
* '''[[Questions:The Aral Sea Region|The Aral Sea Region]]''': [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Aral Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Amu Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Syr Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Kok-Aral Dam]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Caspian Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Volga River]]
* '''[[Questions:The Gulf|The Gulf]]''': [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Gulf of America]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Mississippi River]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|Loop Current]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Laurasia]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Gondwanaland]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Tethys Sea]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Galveston, Texas]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Houston Ship Channel]]
* '''[[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024|Full Supermoon Events in 2024]]''': [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Plattsburgh, New York]]
* '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai]], [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Reunion Island]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe|Stars and Elements in the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Henrietta Leavitt]]

== Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments ==

=== Stars, planets and other celestial objects ===
==== Sample clusters ====
* '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|Theia]]

==== June 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Our Sun – A Star|Our Sun – A Star]]''': [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mercury]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Venus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mars]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Jupiter]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Saturn]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Uranus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Neptune]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Pluto]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|asteroid belt]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Spica]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Betelgeuse]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Aldebaran]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Sirius B]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Wolf 359]]

==== August 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Methuselah]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Milky Way Galaxy]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Libra]]
* '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Enceladus]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Oort cloud]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Oceanus Procellarum]], [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Imbrium Basin]]

==== January 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Charon]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Styx]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Nix]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Kerberos]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Hydra]]
* '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|Bennu]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Dimorphos]]

==== June 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution|Stars and Stellar Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Andromeda Galaxy (M31)]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Almach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Mirach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Alpheratz]]
* '''[[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)|The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]]''': [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|WD 1202-232]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|21 Lyncis]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|Quyllur]]
* '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16b]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Lacaille 9352]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Gliese 725 B]]

=== Spacecraft, telescopes, instruments and data sources ===
* '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]], [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]], [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]], [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]], [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]], [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]], [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]], [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]], [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]], [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]], [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]]

==== June 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|EN-ROADS simulator]]

==== August 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|Hubble Space Telescope (HST)]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]]

==== January 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|U.S. Naval Observatory]]
* '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|GISP2 drill]]
* '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|OSIRIS-REx]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|stream monitoring stations]]

==== June 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler space telescope]]

==== August 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Langley drill core]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator|Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator]]''': [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|tide gauges and satellite measurements]]
* '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|weather balloons]]

== Reference tables ==
The NYSED [[Earth and Space Science Reference Tables|reference tables]] listed on each standard's page.
* [[HS-ESS1-2]]: [[Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum Related to Earth and Space Sciences]], [[Emission Spectra of Some Elements from Stars]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3]]: [[Generalized Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star]], [[H-R Diagram]], [[Life Cycles of Stars Model]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4]]: [[Solar System Objects Data Table]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5]]: [[Locations of Selected Hotspots]], [[Global Tectonic Activity of the Last One Million Years]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6]]: [[Geologically Important Radioactive Elements Used for Radiometric Dating]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1]]: [[Generalized Surface Bedrock Geology of New York State]], [[Geographic Province and Landscape Regions of New York State]], [[Generalized Cross Section Model of Earth's Surface and Interior]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3]]: [[Model of Earth's Interior Structure]], [[Model of Bowen's Reaction Series]], [[Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks]], [[Mineral Identification Flowchart]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4]]: [[Surface Ocean Currents Model]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5]]: [[Rock Cycle Infographic]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7]]: [[Geologic History of New York State]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8]]: [[Key to Weather Map Symbols]], [[Model of Generalized Planetary Wind Belts in the Troposphere]], [[Cross Section Model of Earth's Lower Atmosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1]]: [[Energy and Mineral Resources of New York State]]

== Equations and units ==
The standards name no equations or units. These are the relationships and units used in the released questions and their scoring rubrics; each links to the question it comes from.

=== Equations and relationships ===
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|''g'' = ''Gm<sub>E</sub>''/''r''<sup>2</sup> (gravitational field strength at a distance ''r'' from Earth's center)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|<sup>2</sup>H + <sup>3</sup>He → <sup>4</sup>He + neutron + energy (a fusion reaction in the Sun's core)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O forms carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|carbon dioxide + water + silicate rocks → ions (silicate weathering)]] – June 2026

=== Units ===
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|kilometer (km) and kilometers per second (km/sec)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|millions of years]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|million years ago (Ma)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|billions of years]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|kelvin (K)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|kilograms per year (kg/yr)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|percent (%)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|miles (mi), miles per year (mi/yr) and kilometers per year (km/yr)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|degrees (°) of tilt]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|meters of water equivalent]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|parts per million (ppm)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|degrees Celsius (°C)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|metric tons]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|gigatons (GT) per year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|years before present]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|light-year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|megaparsec (Mpc)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|seconds (s)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|square miles]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|Hudson River Mile (HRM)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|milligrams per liter (mg/L)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|Earth days]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|centimeters per year (cm/yr)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO<sub>2</sub>e)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|cubic meters (m<sup>3</sup>) and square meters (m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|millimeters (mm)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|gigatons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|terawatt hours (TWh)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|hectare (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|degrees Fahrenheit (°F)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|watts per square meter (W/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|degrees of latitude (°N, °S)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|knots]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|grams per square meter per hour]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|million gallons per day]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|billion years ago (by)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|feet (ft)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|cubic meters per second (m<sup>3</sup>/s)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q5|inches]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|millions of years ago (mya)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|meters (m)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|billion years ago (Ga)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|parsec (1 parsec = 3.26 light-years)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|acres]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|kilograms of CO<sub>2</sub> per square meter (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Bennu#q1|astronomical unit (AU)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q2|gigatons (Gt), or billions of tons]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|parts per thousand (ppt)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|grams per kilometer (g/km)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|cubic kilometers]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|kilobar]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q4|grams per milliliter (g/mL)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|joules]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|acre-foot]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q3|millions of acre-feet (maf)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q2|gigatons of carbon (GtC)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q3|millions of hectares]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|square kilometers]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|arc minutes]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|ppmv]] – Aug 2026

== Implied terms ==
These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes or describes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: [[HS-ESS1-1]] "does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the Sun's nuclear fusion"; for [[HS-ESS1-3]], "Details of the many different nucleosynthesis pathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed"; [[HS-ESS1-4]] "should not deal with more than two bodies, nor involve calculus"; [[HS-ESS1-7]] "does not include mathematical computations"; [[HS-ESS2-1]] "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features of Earth's surface"; [[HS-ESS2-4]] is "limited to changes in surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, glacial ice volumes, sea levels, and biosphere distribution"; [[HS-ESS2-7]] "does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems"; [[HS-ESS2-8]] "is limited to surface weather maps and general weather patterns associated with high and low pressure systems"; [[HS-ESS3-3]] is "limited to using provided multi-parameter programs or constructing simplified spreadsheet calculations"; [[HS-ESS3-5]] "is limited to one example of a climate change and its associated impacts"; and [[HS-ESS3-6]] "does not include running computational representations".
* '''energy balance (Earth's energy budget)''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate." The [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|January 2026 Evolution of Early Earth Systems]] cluster compares the energy reaching Earth, the energy reflected from its surface and the energy absorbed by its atmosphere. Neither names the balance.
* '''greenhouse effect''' – [[HS-ESS2-2]] describes "how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures", and the [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|August 2025 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]] rubric credits explaining that more carbon dioxide let less energy flow out of the atmosphere. The phrase itself is never used.
* '''lunar eclipse''' – [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks how the relative positions of the moon, Earth and Sun cause "types of eclipses"; the released questions show only solar eclipses (annular and total, [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]]).
* '''Milankovitch cycles''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet's axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on the earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages". The [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]] cluster describes the 41,000-year obliquity cycle without naming Milankovitch.
* '''P-waves and S-waves''' – the [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|Sample 2024 Modeling of Earth's Interior]] cluster graphs compressional-wave (''V<sub>p</sub>'') and shear-wave (''V<sub>s</sub>'') velocities through Earth's layers, and a rubric in the same cluster ([[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|question 2]]) credits the idea that shear waves cannot travel through the liquid outer core. [[HS-ESS2-3]] names only "seismic waves".
* '''thermohaline circulation''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]] lists "ocean circulation" among the causes of climate change, and two clusters model it as driven by density: cold Arctic water sinking while meltwater lowers the density of the North Atlantic ([[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]]), and salinity controlling whether surface water sinks ([[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|January 2026 Greenland's Glacial Ice]]). Neither uses the term.
* '''tidal range''' – the [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]] cluster asks how the difference between low tide and high tide will change as the Moon moves away from Earth, and [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks about the "strength of tides".

{{Pagecontributors}}
__NOTOC__

Questions:The Moons of Pluto

2026-09-26T07:04:30Z

Conradrichman: Use the full question 19 image (ESS Ja26 19.jpg), which includes the cluster passage, orbit model and Pluto’s Moons data table that questions 19 and 20 refer to

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Moons of Pluto}}
{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; margin-top:-1.0em; margin-bottom:0.3em; background-color:rgb(245, 250, 255);"
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|← Cluster 4 of 11]]
| style="width:34%; text-align:center;" | [[January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam#c5|⇱ January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam]]
| style="width:33%; text-align:right;" | [[Questions:Doggerland|Cluster 6 of 11 →]]
|}
{{Questionclusters
|1=ESS Ja26 19.jpg
|text1=[[HS-ESS1-4]]
|answer1=ESS Ja26 19a.png
|br1=yes
|2=ESS Ja26 20.png
|text2=[[HS-ESS1-4]]
|answer2=ESS Ja26 20a.png
|br2=yes
|3=ESS Ja26 21.png
|text3=[[HS-ESS1-7]]
|answer3=ESS Ja26 21a.png
|br3=yes
|4=ESS Ja26 22.png
|text4=[[HS-ESS1-7]]
|answer4=ESS Ja26 22a.png
|br4=yes
|5=ESS Ja26 23.png
|text5=[[HS-ESS1-6]]
|answer5=ESS Ja26 23a.png
|br5=yes
}}
<br> {{Pagecontributors}}
<metadesc>Earth and Space Science questions and answer key from the NYS January 2026 Earth and Space Science Regents Exam. See the answer and performance expectation for each question in the cluster.</metadesc>

Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park

2026-09-26T07:01:02Z

Conradrichman: Fix answer keys for questions 40 and 41: the page showed the Bennu answers (ESS Ja26 35a/36a) instead of ESS Ja26 40a/41a

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park}}
{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; margin-top:-1.0em; margin-bottom:0.3em; background-color:rgb(245, 250, 255);"
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Questions:Bennu|← Cluster 8 of 11]]
| style="width:34%; text-align:center;" | [[January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam#c9|⇱ January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam]]
| style="width:33%; text-align:right;" | [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Cluster 10 of 11 →]]
|}
{{Questionclusters
|1=ESS Ja26 38.jpg
|text1=[[HS-ESS2-5]]
|answer1=ESS Ja26 38a.png
|br1=yes
|2=ESS Ja26 39.png
|text2=[[HS-ESS3-1]]
|answer2=ESS Ja26 39a.png
|br2=yes
|3=ESS Ja26 40.png
|text3=[[HS-ESS2-5]]
|answer3=ESS Ja26 40a.png
|br3=yes
|4=ESS Ja26 41.png
|text4=[[HS-ETS1-4]]
|answer4=ESS Ja26 41a.png
|br4=yes

}}
<br> {{Pagecontributors}}
<metadesc>Earth and Space Science questions and answer key from the NYS January 2026 Earth and Space Science Regents Exam. See the answer and performance expectation for each question in the cluster.</metadesc>

Earth & Space Science Glossary

2026-09-26T06:23:46Z

Conradrichman: Rebuilt from NYSED sources only: every term links to its standard or released exam question (2024 samples through August 2026); added exam vocabulary, geologic time, Earth materials, places, celestial objects, reference tables, units and a labeled implied-terms section

This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-ESS2-1]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Geologic time and named events|geologic time and named events]], [[#Earth materials|Earth materials]], [[#Places, features and people|places, features and people]], [[#Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments|celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments]], [[#Reference tables|reference tables]], [[#Equations and units|equations and units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]].

== Vocabulary from the standards ==
Terms used in the Earth and space science performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (argument, evidence-based forecast, criteria, constraints, trade-offs) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: [[HS-ESS1-2]] with physics, [[HS-ESS2-6]] and [[HS-ESS2-7]] with biology, and the four engineering design standards ([[HS-ETS1-1]] to [[HS-ETS1-4]]) with all four science courses.
=== A ===
* [[HS-ESS1-6|absolute ages]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|absorption]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|agricultural efficiency]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|agricultural soil use]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|air masses]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|ancient Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|argument]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|asteroids]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|astronomical evidence]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|atmosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|atmospheric composition]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|atomic nuclei]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|axis of rotation]]

=== B ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|Big Bang theory]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|biodiversity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|biogeochemical cycles]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|biogeology]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|biosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|biosphere feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|blizzards]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|brightness]]

=== C ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|carbon dioxide]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon dioxide concentrations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial bodies]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial events]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|central ancient core]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|characteristic frequencies of light]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|chemical weathering]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|circulation patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate change]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate factors]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|climate feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate system]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|coastal erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|collision]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|competing design solutions]]
* [[HS-ETS1-2|complex real-world problem]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|composition]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|composition of matter]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|compositional elements]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|computational representation]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|computational simulation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|conceptual modeling]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|conservation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|constraints]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|constructive processes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|continental crust]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|continental features]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|continental rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|convection currents]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coral reefs]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|cosmic microwave background]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|cost-benefit ratios]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|costs and benefits]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|cratering record]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|criteria]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|crust]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|crustal rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|cryosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|cyclical changes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|cycling of carbon]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|cycling of matter]]

=== D ===
* [[HS-ESS2-2|dammed rivers]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|delta]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|density]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|deposition]]
* [[HS-ETS1-4|design solution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|destructive processes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|droughts]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|dynamic causes and effects]]

=== E ===
* [[HS-ESS1-1|Earth]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|Earth’s early oceans]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|Earth’s formation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s interior]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s layers]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s magnetic field]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s orbit]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|Earth’s surface]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s systems]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|earthquakes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|eclipse]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|ecosystem degradation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|electromagnetic energy]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|electromagnetic radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|element formation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|elements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|elliptical orbits]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|energy and mineral resources]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|energy flow]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer mechanisms]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|evidence-based forecast]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|evolution of life]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|expanding universe]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|exponential decay law]]

=== F ===
* [[HS-ESS2-7|feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fertile soils]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|floods]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|flow of energy]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fresh water]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|frontal boundaries]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|frost wedging]]

=== G ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|galaxy]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|geoengineering]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|geologic history]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|geologic processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|geological record]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|geoscience data]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|geoscience factors]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|geoscience problem]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|geosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|glacial ice]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|glacial ice volumes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|glaciers]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|global challenge]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|global temperatures]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|gravitational attraction]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|greenhouse gases]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ground vegetation]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|groundwater]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|groundwater recharge]]

=== H ===
* [[HS-ESS2-7|habitats]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|half-life]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|heavier elements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|high and low pressure systems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|human activity]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|human impacts]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|humidity]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|hurricanes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|hydrologic cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|hydrosphere]]

=== I ===
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ice]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|ice ages]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous rock]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|impacts of human activities]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|infiltration]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|inner core]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|intensity and distribution of sunlight]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|interior processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|internal and surface processes]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|interstellar gases]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|isotope]]

=== K ===
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Kepler's laws]]

=== L ===
* [[HS-ESS3-1|lakes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|land features]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|land plants]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|land surface use]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|life cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|life span of the sun]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|lifetimes of other stars]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|light spectra]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|livestock]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|living organisms]]

=== M ===
* [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle convection]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|marine populations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|mass]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mass migrations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|mass of a star]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mass wasting]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|massive stars]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|melt generation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|melting temperature]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|metamorphic rock]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microbial life]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microorganisms]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|mid-ocean ridges]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|migration]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|mining]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mitigate]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|model]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|moon]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|motion of distant galaxies]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|mountain]]

=== N ===
* [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural hazards]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural resources]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|natural systems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|negative feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|neutron]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|new technologies]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Newtonian gravity]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|non-cyclic variations]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|North American continental crust]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|nuclear fusion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|nucleosynthesis]]

=== O ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|observation and experiment]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|observations]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|ocean]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|ocean acidification]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|ocean circulation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|ocean floor]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|ocean-floor features]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|oceanic crust]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|orbital motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|orbiting objects]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|ordinary matter]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|orientation of its axis]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|outer core]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|outgassing]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|outward flow of energy]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen production]]

=== P ===
* [[HS-ESS1-2|peer review]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|per-capita consumption]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|permeability]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|phases of the moon]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|photosynthetic biomass]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|photosynthetic life]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|physical and chemical properties]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|planetary surfaces]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|planets]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate interaction]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|plate movements]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate spreading]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|plate tectonic movement]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate tectonics]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|plateaus]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|pollutants]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|pollution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|porosity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|positive feedback]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|precipitation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|precipitation patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|prevailing global winds]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|primordial radiation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|prioritized criteria]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|properties of water]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|proton]]

=== Q ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|quantitative model]]

=== R ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|radial layers]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|radioactive decay]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|radiometric dating]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|receding galaxies]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|recrystallization]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|recycling]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|recycling of Earth materials]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|red shift]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|reefs]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|reflection]]
* [[HS-ESS3-5|regional climate change]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|relative ages]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|relative motion]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|relative positions]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|release energy]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|remnant radiation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|residual heat]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|resource extraction]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|resource management]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|reuse]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|ridges]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|risk mitigation]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|river]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|rock cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|rock record]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|rock types]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|runoff]]

=== S ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4|satellites]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|scientific reasoning]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|scientific theory]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|sea level]]
* [[HS-ESS3-6|sea organism health]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|sea-floor features]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|seamounts]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|seasons]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|sediment transport]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|sedimentary rock]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|seismic waves]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|severe weather]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|shape of Earth’s orbit]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|social, cultural, and environmental impacts]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|soil]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|soil erosion]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|soil formation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|solar flares]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|solar output]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6|solar system]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|solubility]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|space weather]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|spatial scales]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|species diversity]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|stars]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream deposition]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream transportation]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|strength of tides]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|stromatolites]]
* [[HS-ETS1-2|sub-problems]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|subduction]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sun’s core]]
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sunspot cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3|supernova]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|surface mining]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|surface processes]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|surface temperature]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]]
* [[HS-ESS3-2|sustainability]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|system feedback]]

=== T ===
* [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|technological solution]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|tectonic events]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|tectonic uplift]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|temporal scales]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|thermal convection]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|tides]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|timescale]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|tornadoes]]
* [[HS-ETS1-3|trade-offs]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|trenches]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|tsunamis]]
* [[HS-ESS1-7|types of eclipses]]

=== U ===
* [[HS-ESS2-8|uneven heating]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5|unifying theory]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|universe]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3|unstable isotopes]]
* [[HS-ESS3-4|urban development]]
* [[HS-ESS3-3|urban planning]]

=== V ===
* [[HS-ESS2-1|valleys]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic activity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic ash clouds]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1|volcanic eruptions]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|volcanism]]

=== W ===
* [[HS-ESS3-3|waste management]]
* [[HS-ESS1-2|wavelength]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|weather conditions]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8|weather patterns]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1|weathering]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|weathering rates]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland extent]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland loss]]
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetlands]]

== Vocabulary from released exams ==
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster: the five sample clusters NYSED published in 2024 and the June 2025, August 2025, January 2026, June 2026 and August 2026 exams. The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question, usually the one that defines it. Named places, materials and objects are listed in their own sections below.
=== A ===
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|abrasives]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q3|absolute dating]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|absolute magnitude]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q4|absorption lines]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|abyssal plain]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|accretion]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|accretionary wedge]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|acid mine drainage]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|acid rain]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|acidic]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|active volcanoes]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|aerosols]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|age of the universe]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|agricultural runoff]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|air mass source region]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q2|air pollution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|air quality]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|air-sea gas exchange]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|albedo]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q4|albedo effect]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|algae]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|algal bloom]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|alkaline]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|angular diameter]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|annular solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|anomaly]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|aphelion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|apogean spring tides]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apogee]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|apparent brightness]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apparent size]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|aquifer]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|arable land]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|archipelago]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|arthropod]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|artificial impacts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|asthenosphere]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q5|atmospheric oxygen]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|atmospheric pressure]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|auto exhaust]] – Sample 2024

=== B ===
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|bacteria]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|banded iron formations]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|barrier island]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|barrier sand bar]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|basin]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|bedrock]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|binary star system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|bioaccumulation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|biomass fuel]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|black hole]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|black smokers]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|blending ratio]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|blue-shift]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|brackish water]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|breakwaters]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|brine]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|burial]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|butte]] – Sample 2024

=== C ===
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|calthemite straws]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|canyon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|carbon emissions]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q2|carbon footprint]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|carbon mineralization]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|carbon sinks]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|carbon uptake]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q3|carbon-14]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonate ions]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|caves]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|cementation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|central uplift]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|Cepheid variable]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|chromosphere]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|cladogram]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|climate zone]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|coastal flooding]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q4|cold front]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|comets]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|common ancestor]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|compaction]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|compressional wave velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation nuclei]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|constellation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|contaminated sediments]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental antarctic (cAA)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental arctic (cA)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|continental drift]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental polar (cP)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|continental rift zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|continental shelf]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental tropical (cT)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|convective zone]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|convergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|corona]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|coronal mass ejection]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|craton]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|crescent phase]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|crystal lattice]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|crystallization]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|cyanobacteria]] – Jan 2026

=== D ===
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|dams]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|decay product]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|decomposition]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|deforestation]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q5|degassing pipes]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q4|desertification]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|dissolution]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|dissolved oxygen]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|divergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|drainage basin]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|dredging]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|drill core]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|drinking water]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|dropstones]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|dunes]] – June 2025

=== E ===
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|early warning system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|Earth’s rotation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|earthquake swarm]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|eccentricity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|ecliptic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|eddies]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|ejecta]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|emissions]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|Energy Return on Investment (EROI)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|enhanced rock weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|eolian]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Equator]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|eruption column]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|estuary]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|eurypterid]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|evaporation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|evapotranspiration]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|extinct volcanoes]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|extrasolar planets]] – June 2026

=== F ===
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|fast carbon cycle]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|fault]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|felsic]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Ferrel Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|first quarter moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood basalts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood plain]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|folding]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|food chain]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|fossil forest]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|fossil fuel reserves]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|fossils]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|fracture zone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|free oxygen]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|freeze-thaw cycles]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|full moon]] – Sample 2024

=== G ===
* [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q5|gamma-ray burst]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|geologic epoch]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|geologic periods]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|geologic time]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|geothermal energy]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|geothermal gradient]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|ghost forest]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|giant impact hypothesis]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|glacial melting]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|glaciation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|global warming]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|gorge]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|granitic plutons]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|gravitational collapse]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|gravitational field strength]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|gravitational force]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|gravity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|greenhouse gas emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|groundwater contamination]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q4|growth lines]] – Aug 2026

=== H ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Hadley Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|hardness]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|hazard map]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heat wave]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heating and cooling degree days]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|helium flash]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|high tide]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|horse latitudes]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|hot spot]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Hubble's Law]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|hydroelectric energy]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|hydrothermal vents]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxia]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxic zone]] – Aug 2026

=== I ===
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|ice extent]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|ice sheet]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|ice volcanoes]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|ice-core data]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|igneous intrusions]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|impact craters]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|impermeable]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|index fossils]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|inflation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|infrared radiation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|inlet]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|inner planets]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|inorganic carbon]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|intrusive igneous rock]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|irrigation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|island arc]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|island chain]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q3|isobars]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|isolines]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q2|isotherms]] – June 2026

=== J ===
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|jet stream]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|Jovian planets]] – June 2025

=== K ===
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|kiln]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|kinetic impactor]] – Jan 2026

=== L ===
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|land bridge]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|land use]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|landfall]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q2|landslides]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|last quarter moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|late heavy bombardment]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|latitude]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lava]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lava flows]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Leavitt's Law]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|life cycle emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|lithification]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lithosphere]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|lithospheric plates]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|low tide]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|lower mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|luminosity]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar crust]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar highlands]] – Sample 2024

=== M ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|mafic]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|magma]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|magma chamber]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic field reversal]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic minerals]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|magnetic polarity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|magnetism]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|main sequence]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|mantle plume]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mare]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|marine calcifiers]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|marine cloud brightening (MCB)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime equatorial (mE)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime polar (mP)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime tropical (mT)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q3|mass extinction]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|mechanical weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|megafires]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mesa]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|metamorphism]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|meteorite impacts]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|meteorologist]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|methane]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|microfossils]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|microplastics]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|microplate]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|mineral weathering]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|molten rock]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|moon formation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|moonquake]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|moraine]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|mountain range]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|multiple-star system]] – June 2026

=== N ===
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|natural disaster]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|neap tide]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|nested deep moonquakes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|neutron star]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|new moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|non-renewable resource]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|Northern Hemisphere]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|nuclear energy]] – Sample 2024

=== O ===
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|obliquity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|observable universe]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|ocean currents]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|ocean gyres]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|ocean heat content]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|open pit mine]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|orbital period]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|orbital speed]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|orbital velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q6|over-pumping]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|overgrazing]] – June 2025

=== P ===
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|paleomap]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|Pangea]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|parent isotope]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q3|partial melting]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|peninsula]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|perigean spring tides]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|perigee]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|perihelion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|period of revolution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|permafrost]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|pH scale]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|phases of Venus]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|photosphere]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|photosynthesis]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|physical weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|planetary body]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|planetary nebula]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|planetary wind]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|plant cover]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|plasma]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|plastic pollution]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Polar Cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Easterlies]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Front Jet Stream]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|polar vortex]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|population growth]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|power grid]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|precipitate]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|prevailing westerlies]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q4|Principle of Superposition]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|proto-Earth]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|pumped storage reservoir]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|pyroclastic flow]] – June 2026

=== Q ===
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|quarry]] – Aug 2026

=== R ===
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|radiative zone]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|radio telescope]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|radioactive isotopes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|rate of erosion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|recessional velocity]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|reclamation]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red dwarf]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|red giant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red supergiant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|reflectivity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|renewable resource]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|respiration]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|rift zone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|rifting]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|rigid mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|river discharge]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|river valley]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|rock-forming minerals]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q3|rotational period]] – Jan 2026

=== S ===
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|saline aquifer]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|salinity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|salt front]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|salt marsh]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|saltwater intrusion]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|sand fencing]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|sand mining]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Saros series]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|sea ice]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|sea level rise]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sea-floor spreading]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|seawall]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sediment]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sedimentation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|seismic activity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|shallow moonquakes]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|shear wave velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|shield volcano]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|shoreline]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate weathering]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|slow carbon cycle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|slump blocks]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|snow cover]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|snowmelt]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|snowpack]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|soil carbon]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|solar cycle]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|solar energy]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|solar evaporation ponds]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|solar mass]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|solar radiation]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|solar wind]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|specific heat]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|spectral class]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|spectrograph]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|spring tide]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|stalactites]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|states of matter]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|steering flow]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|stellar evolution]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|storm surge]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|storm track]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|stratosphere]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|stratovolcano]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|streak]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|streamflow]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|subatomic particles]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|subducting plate]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|subduction zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|submarine volcano]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q4|subsidence]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|supercontinent]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Superfund site]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|supergiant]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|supermoon]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q3|surface ocean currents]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|surface trench]] – Sample 2024

=== T ===
* [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|tailings]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tailpipe emissions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|temperature anomaly]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|terrestrial planets]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|thermal expansion]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|thermonuclear reactions]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal bulge]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal friction]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|total solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|total solar irradiance]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|trade winds]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|trajectory]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|transform plate boundary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q1|transit]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|transition zone]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|transpiration]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|tributary]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|tropical storm]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|troposphere]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|tsunami deposits]] – Jan 2026

=== U ===
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|ultramafic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|ultraviolet radiation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|universal gravitational constant]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|upper mantle]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|urbanization]] – June 2026

=== V ===
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|velocity]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|visible light]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|volcanic arc]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|volcano]] – Sample 2024

=== W ===
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning crescent moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|water cycle]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|water flux]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|water quality]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|water table]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|water vapor]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|waterfall]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|watershed]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing crescent moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|white dwarf]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|wildfire]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|wind erosion]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|wind speed]] – Aug 2025

=== Y ===
* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Yarkovsky Effect]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|yellow dwarf star]] – June 2025

=== Z ===
* [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|zodiac constellations]] – June 2026

== Geologic time and named events ==
Named geologic periods, epochs and events from the released clusters, in alphabetical order.
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Cambrian explosion]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q1|Carboniferous Period]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Devonian Period]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|Great Oxidation Event]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian ice ages]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|Industrial Revolution]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Late Cretaceous and Early Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Late Devonian Period]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Little Ice Age]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Maunder Minimum]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Ordovician]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Paleozoic and Mesozoic]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Permian]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Permian mass extinction]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|Pleistocene, Miocene and Eocene epochs]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Silurian]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026

== Earth materials ==
Rocks, minerals, elements, resources and pollutants named in the standards and the released clusters, grouped by source.
* '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]], [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]], [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]], [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]], [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]], [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]], [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]], [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]], [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]], [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]], [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]], [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]]

=== Sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|olivine]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|pyroxene]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|garnet]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|spinel]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|feldspar]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|quartz]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|magnesium and iron-bearing silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|uranium, thorium and potassium]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|zircon]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|silicon, oxygen and zirconium]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|beach sand, river sediments and wind (eolian) deposits]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|uranium-238 and lead-206]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|hydrogen, helium, lithium and beryllium]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|lithium]], [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|lithium carbonate]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|rebar]]
* '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|quartzite, granite, marble and gneiss]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q2|limestone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|pyrite]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|sandstones and mudstones]]
* '''[[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide|Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]]''': [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|olivine]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|calcium carbonate]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|magnetite, olivine, garnet and hematite]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|limestone and dolostone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|crushed stone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|aggregates (sand, gravel and crushed stone)]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|emulsifier]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)]]
* '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|peat]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|shale, sandstone and limestone]]
* '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|copper, nickel, zinc and rare Earth minerals]]
* '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|peat, brown coal, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle|The Slow Carbon Cycle]]''': [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|limestone and shale]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate rocks and carbonate rocks]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|granite and basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen (SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, N<sub>2</sub>)]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|calcite and basaltic rock]]
* '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|limestone and clay]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|clinker]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|gypsum]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Portland cement]]
* '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q4|potassium feldspar, olivine, pyroxene and quartz]]
* '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|granite, peridotite, conglomerate and schist]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|basalt]]
* '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|basaltic lava and volcaniclastic rocks]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|sulfur dioxide]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|wollastonite, talc and rare-earth elements]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|zircon crystals]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|granite]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|uranium-238 and uranium-235]]
* '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|basalt]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|plagioclase feldspar]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|cement]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|sand and gravel]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|limestone (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]]

== Places, features and people ==
Named places, landforms, plates, currents and people the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about. [[HS-ESS2-1]] notes that assessment "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features", so these are context, not content to memorize.

=== Sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Juan de Fuca Ridge]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Vancouver Island]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Alfred Wegener]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Appalachian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Caledonian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Central Pangean Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Greenland]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Atlantic Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Pacific Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Gulf of Mexico]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Hudson Bay]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|North America]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Rocky Mountains]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth|The Effect of The Moon on Earth]]''': [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|North Pole]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|France]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance River]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance Tidal Barrage]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|New York State]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Vanderpool, Texas]]
* '''[[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate|Earth's Climate]]''': [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|Arctic Ocean]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Arctic Circle]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Bering Sea]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Sea of Okhotsk]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|East Greenland Current]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Northern Europe]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Norwegian Current]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change|Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change]]''': [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|Gulf Stream]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Edwin Hubble]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Hudson River Estuary]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Mohawk River]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Adirondacks]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|New York Harbor]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Hudson Falls]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Fort Edward]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Thompson Island Pool]]
* '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|Atacama region of Chile]]
* '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|Namibia]]
* '''[[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands|Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands]]''': [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Pacific Plate]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Hawaiian Islands]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Mauna Loa]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Kilauea]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Loihi]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Aleutian Trench]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Tonga Trench]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara River]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Horseshoe Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|American Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Ontario]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Erie]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|Niagara Gorge]]
* '''[[Questions:Horse Latitudes|Horse Latitudes]]''': [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q3|Utica, New York]], [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|Bermuda High]]
* '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Upper Glacial, Magothy and Lloyd aquifers]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island Sound]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Fire Island]]
* '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Pyrites Complex]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Northwest Lowlands]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Carthage-Colton Mylonite Zone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Adirondack Mountains]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Tug Hill Plateau]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|St. Lawrence River]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q3|Adirondack Lowlands]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|Montauk Harbor]]
* '''[[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation|Dams and Flood Mitigation]]''': [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Kootenai River]], [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Libby Dam]]
* '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Gilboa, New York]], [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Riverside Quarry]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash|Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash]]''': [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Great Pacific Garbage Patch]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Gyre]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Kuroshio Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|California Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Alaska Current]]
* '''[[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems|Evolution of Early Earth Systems]]''': [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian Supergroup]]
* '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Woodbourne Flats Mine]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Neversink River]]
* '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Doggerland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|North Sea]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Shetland Islands]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Dublin, Ireland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Storegga Slide]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Hommelstø]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|English Channel]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|Channel Tunnel]]
* '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Greenland ice sheet]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Baffin Bay]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Labrador Sea]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Denmark Strait]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Letchworth Gorge]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Genesee River]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Mount Morris Dam]]
* '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|Kennecott Utah Copper Mine]]
* '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Gondwana]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Laurussia]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Paleo-Tethys Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Rheic Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Erie-Ontario Lowlands]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Hudson River Valley]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Allegheny Plateau]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Iceland Hotspot|Iceland Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Iceland]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Reykjanes Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|East Pacific Rise]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Cocos Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Nazca Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|Eyjafjallajökull]]
* '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Krakatoa]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Mt. Pinatubo]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Eurasian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Philippine Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Indian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Australian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Java Trench]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|Mt. Merapi]]
* '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Manhattan Prong]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|St. Lawrence Valley]]
* '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Lake Nyos]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Cameroon]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Oku Volcanic Field]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Mt. Cameroon]]
* '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Plate]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Trench]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|West Mariana Ridge]]
* '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Siberian Traps]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Anabar Shield]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|Norilsk, Russia]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Cyclic Patterns|Cyclic Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q1|Jones Inlet, New York]]
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Chesapeake Bay]]
* '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Canary Islands]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|La Palma]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Tenerife]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Gran Canaria]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|El Hierro]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|African Plate]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|Cumbre Vieja]]
* '''[[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River|Dams on the Colorado River]]''': [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Colorado River]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Hoover Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Glen Canyon Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Mead]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Powell]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q4|Grand Canyon]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Yangtze River]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Lake Poyang]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Kingston]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Albany]]
* '''[[Questions:The Aral Sea Region|The Aral Sea Region]]''': [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Aral Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Amu Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Syr Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Kok-Aral Dam]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Caspian Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Volga River]]
* '''[[Questions:The Gulf|The Gulf]]''': [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Gulf of America]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Mississippi River]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|Loop Current]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Laurasia]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Gondwanaland]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Tethys Sea]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Galveston, Texas]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Houston Ship Channel]]
* '''[[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024|Full Supermoon Events in 2024]]''': [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Plattsburgh, New York]]
* '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai]], [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Reunion Island]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe|Stars and Elements in the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Henrietta Leavitt]]

== Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments ==

=== Stars, planets and other celestial objects ===
==== Sample clusters ====
* '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|Theia]]

==== June 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Our Sun – A Star|Our Sun – A Star]]''': [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mercury]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Venus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mars]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Jupiter]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Saturn]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Uranus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Neptune]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Pluto]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|asteroid belt]]
* '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Spica]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Betelgeuse]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Aldebaran]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Sirius B]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Wolf 359]]

==== August 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Methuselah]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Milky Way Galaxy]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Libra]]
* '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Enceladus]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Oort cloud]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Oceanus Procellarum]], [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Imbrium Basin]]

==== January 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Charon]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Styx]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Nix]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Kerberos]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Hydra]]
* '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|Bennu]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Dimorphos]]

==== June 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution|Stars and Stellar Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Andromeda Galaxy (M31)]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Almach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Mirach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Alpheratz]]
* '''[[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)|The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]]''': [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|WD 1202-232]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|21 Lyncis]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|Quyllur]]
* '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16b]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Lacaille 9352]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Gliese 725 B]]

=== Spacecraft, telescopes, instruments and data sources ===
* '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]], [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]], [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]], [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]], [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]], [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]], [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]], [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]], [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]], [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]], [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]]

==== June 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|EN-ROADS simulator]]

==== August 2025 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|Hubble Space Telescope (HST)]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]]

==== January 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|U.S. Naval Observatory]]
* '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|GISP2 drill]]
* '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|OSIRIS-REx]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|stream monitoring stations]]

==== June 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler space telescope]]

==== August 2026 exam ====
* '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Langley drill core]]
* '''[[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator|Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator]]''': [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|tide gauges and satellite measurements]]
* '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|weather balloons]]

== Reference tables ==
The NYSED [[Earth and Space Science Reference Tables|reference tables]] listed on each standard's page.
* [[HS-ESS1-2]]: [[Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum Related to Earth and Space Sciences]], [[Emission Spectra of Some Elements from Stars]]
* [[HS-ESS1-3]]: [[Generalized Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star]], [[H-R Diagram]], [[Life Cycles of Stars Model]]
* [[HS-ESS1-4]]: [[Solar System Objects Data Table]]
* [[HS-ESS1-5]]: [[Locations of Selected Hotspots]], [[Global Tectonic Activity of the Last One Million Years]]
* [[HS-ESS1-6]]: [[Geologically Important Radioactive Elements Used for Radiometric Dating]]
* [[HS-ESS2-1]]: [[Generalized Surface Bedrock Geology of New York State]], [[Geographic Province and Landscape Regions of New York State]], [[Generalized Cross Section Model of Earth's Surface and Interior]]
* [[HS-ESS2-3]]: [[Model of Earth's Interior Structure]], [[Model of Bowen's Reaction Series]], [[Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks]], [[Mineral Identification Flowchart]]
* [[HS-ESS2-4]]: [[Surface Ocean Currents Model]]
* [[HS-ESS2-5]]: [[Rock Cycle Infographic]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7]]: [[Geologic History of New York State]]
* [[HS-ESS2-8]]: [[Key to Weather Map Symbols]], [[Model of Generalized Planetary Wind Belts in the Troposphere]], [[Cross Section Model of Earth's Lower Atmosphere]]
* [[HS-ESS3-1]]: [[Energy and Mineral Resources of New York State]]

== Equations and units ==
The standards name no equations or units. These are the relationships and units used in the released questions and their scoring rubrics; each links to the question it comes from.

=== Equations and relationships ===
* [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|''g'' = ''Gm<sub>E</sub>''/''r''<sup>2</sup> (gravitational field strength at a distance ''r'' from Earth's center)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|<sup>2</sup>H + <sup>3</sup>He → <sup>4</sup>He + neutron + energy (a fusion reaction in the Sun's core)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O forms carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|carbon dioxide + water + silicate rocks → ions (silicate weathering)]] – June 2026

=== Units ===
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|kilometer (km) and kilometers per second (km/sec)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|millions of years]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|million years ago (Ma)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|billions of years]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|kelvin (K)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|kilograms per year (kg/yr)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|percent (%)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|miles (mi), miles per year (mi/yr) and kilometers per year (km/yr)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|degrees (°) of tilt]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|meters of water equivalent]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|parts per million (ppm)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|degrees Celsius (°C)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|metric tons]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|gigatons (GT) per year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|years before present]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|light-year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|megaparsec (Mpc)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|seconds (s)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|square miles]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|Hudson River Mile (HRM)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|milligrams per liter (mg/L)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|Earth days]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|centimeters per year (cm/yr)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO<sub>2</sub>e)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|cubic meters (m<sup>3</sup>) and square meters (m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|millimeters (mm)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|gigatons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per year]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|terawatt hours (TWh)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|hectare (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|degrees Fahrenheit (°F)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|watts per square meter (W/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|degrees of latitude (°N, °S)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|knots]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|grams per square meter per hour]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|million gallons per day]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|billion years ago (by)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|feet (ft)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|cubic meters per second (m<sup>3</sup>/s)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q5|inches]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|millions of years ago (mya)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|meters (m)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|billion years ago (Ga)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|parsec (1 parsec = 3.26 light-years)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|acres]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|kilograms of CO<sub>2</sub> per square meter (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Bennu#q1|astronomical unit (AU)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q2|gigatons (Gt), or billions of tons]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|parts per thousand (ppt)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|grams per kilometer (g/km)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|cubic kilometers]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|kilobar]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q4|grams per milliliter (g/mL)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|joules]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|acre-foot]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q3|millions of acre-feet (maf)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q2|gigatons of carbon (GtC)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q3|millions of hectares]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|square kilometers]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|arc minutes]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|ppmv]] – Aug 2026

== Implied terms ==
These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes or describes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: [[HS-ESS1-1]] "does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the Sun's nuclear fusion"; for [[HS-ESS1-3]], "Details of the many different nucleosynthesis pathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed"; [[HS-ESS1-4]] "should not deal with more than two bodies, nor involve calculus"; [[HS-ESS1-7]] "does not include mathematical computations"; [[HS-ESS2-1]] "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features of Earth's surface"; [[HS-ESS2-4]] is "limited to changes in surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, glacial ice volumes, sea levels, and biosphere distribution"; [[HS-ESS2-7]] "does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems"; [[HS-ESS2-8]] "is limited to surface weather maps and general weather patterns associated with high and low pressure systems"; [[HS-ESS3-3]] is "limited to using provided multi-parameter programs or constructing simplified spreadsheet calculations"; [[HS-ESS3-5]] "is limited to one example of a climate change and its associated impacts"; and [[HS-ESS3-6]] "does not include running computational representations".
* '''energy balance (Earth's energy budget)''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate." The [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|January 2026 Evolution of Early Earth Systems]] cluster compares the energy reaching Earth, the energy reflected from its surface and the energy absorbed by its atmosphere. Neither names the balance.
* '''greenhouse effect''' – [[HS-ESS2-2]] describes "how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures", and the [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|August 2025 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]] rubric credits explaining that more carbon dioxide let less energy flow out of the atmosphere. The phrase itself is never used.
* '''lunar eclipse''' – [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks how the relative positions of the moon, Earth and Sun cause "types of eclipses"; the released questions show only solar eclipses (annular and total, [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]]).
* '''Milankovitch cycles''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet's axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on the earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages". The [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]] cluster describes the 41,000-year obliquity cycle without naming Milankovitch.
* '''P-waves and S-waves''' – the [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|Sample 2024 Modeling of Earth's Interior]] cluster graphs compressional-wave (''V<sub>p</sub>'') and shear-wave (''V<sub>s</sub>'') velocities through Earth's layers, and a rubric in the same cluster ([[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|question 2]]) credits the idea that shear waves cannot travel through the liquid outer core. [[HS-ESS2-3]] names only "seismic waves".
* '''thermohaline circulation''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]] lists "ocean circulation" among the causes of climate change, and two clusters model it as driven by density: cold Arctic water sinking while meltwater lowers the density of the North Atlantic ([[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]]), and salinity controlling whether surface water sinks ([[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|January 2026 Greenland's Glacial Ice]]). Neither uses the term.
* '''tidal range''' – the [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]] cluster asks how the difference between low tide and high tide will change as the Moon moves away from Earth, and [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks about the "strength of tides".

{{Pagecontributors}}
__NOTOC__

Physics Glossary

2026-09-26T04:11:36Z

Conradrichman: Build the glossary: vocabulary from the standards and released exams, equations/symbols/constants, units, devices and materials, implied terms; every term linked to its source

Biology Glossary

2026-09-26T03:22:23Z

Conradrichman: Rebuild: vocabulary from standards and released exams, cells/organs/systems, organisms, molecules and genes, units, implied terms; relinked existing entries

This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-LS1-5]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Cells, tissues, organs and body systems|cells, tissues, organs and body systems]], [[#Organisms named in the exams|organisms named in the exams]], [[#Molecules, substances and genes|molecules, substances and genes]], [[#Units|units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]].

== Vocabulary from the standards ==
Terms used in the biology performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, argument, criteria, constraint, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way.
=== A ===
* [[HS-LS2-1|abiotic factors]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|abnormal cell division]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|abundance]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|acidity]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|adaptation]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|advantageous heritable trait]]
* [[HS-LS2-3|aerobic respiration]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|algae]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|amino acid]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|amino acid sequence]]
* [[HS-LS2-3|anaerobic respiration]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|anatomical structure]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|anthropogenic changes]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|antibiotic]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|antibody]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|argument]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|atmosphere]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|ATP]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|average]]

=== B ===
* [[HS-LS4-2|behavior]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|biodiversity]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|biogeochemical cycles]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|biomass]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|biosphere]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|biotechnology]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|biotic factors]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|blood]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|body system]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|bond breaking]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|bond forming]]

=== C ===
* [[HS-LS1-4|cancer]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|carbon]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|carbon cycle]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon dioxide concentration]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|carbon-based molecule]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|carrying capacity]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|cell]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|cell function]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|cell receptor]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|cellular division]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|cellular respiration]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|chemical bonding]]
* [[HS-LS1-5|chemical energy]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|chemical process]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|chromosome]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|claim]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|climate]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|climate change]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|closed system]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|coding region]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|combustion]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|common ancestry]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|competition]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|complex interactions]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|complex organism]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|compound]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of energy]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of matter]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|constraint]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|continuity of life]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|cooperative behaviors]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|correlation (versus cause)]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|cost, safety, reliability and aesthetics]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|criteria]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|cultural impacts]]
* [[HS-ESS2-6|cycling of carbon]]
* [[HS-LS2-3|cycling of matter]]

=== D ===
* [[HS-LS2-7|dam]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|daughter cell]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|decomposition]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|deforestation]]
* [[HS-ETS1-2|design solution]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|differential survival and reproduction]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|differentiation]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|disease]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|disturbance]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|diverge]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|DNA]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|DNA code]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|DNA replication]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|DNA sequence]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|drought]]

=== E ===
* [[HS-LS2-5|Earth’s spheres]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|ecological change]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|ecological succession]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|ecosystem]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|ecosystem disruption]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|ecosystem resilience]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|ecosystem scale]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|ecosystem stability]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|embryo]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|embryology]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|embryonic development]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|empirical evidence]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|energy flow]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|energy pyramid]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|energy transfer]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|environmental change]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|environmental factor]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|environmental impacts]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|environmental sustainability]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|enzyme]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|erosion]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|evolution]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|expressed trait]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|extinction]]

=== F ===
* [[HS-LS1-3|feedback mechanism]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|fertilization]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|fertilized egg]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|fertilizer]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|fetus]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|fishing]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|flocking]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|flood]]
* [[HS-LS2-3|flow of energy]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|fluctuation]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|food molecule]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|food web]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|frequency]]

=== G ===
* [[HS-LS1-1|gene]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|gene expression]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|gene frequency]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|gene regulation]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|generation]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|genetic combination]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|genetic engineering]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|genetic information]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|genetic material]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|genetic variation]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|genetically modified]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|geographic barrier]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|geosphere]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|group behavior]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|growth and development]]

=== H ===
* [[HS-LS2-2|habitat]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|habitat destruction]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|habitat loss]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|heart rate]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|herding]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|heritable trait]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|hierarchical organization]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|homeostasis]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|hormone]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|human activity]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|human impact]]
* [[HS-LS1-8|human reproduction]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|hunting]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|hydrocarbon backbone]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|hydrogen]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|hydrosphere]]

=== I ===
* [[HS-LS1-2|immune response]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|individual behavior]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|inheritable variation]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|inheritance pattern]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|inputs and outputs]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|interacting systems]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|interdependence]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|internal and external conditions]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|invasive species]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|investigation]]

=== L ===
* [[HS-LS2-7|legislation]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|life processes]]
* [[HS-LS1-5|light energy]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|limited resources]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|limiting factor]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|lines of descent]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|lipid]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|living system]]

=== M ===
* [[HS-LS1-6|macromolecule]]
* [[HS-LS1-5|matter]]
* [[HS-LS2-3|matter cycle]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|meiosis]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microorganism]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|migration]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|mitosis]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|morphology]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|multicellular organism]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|mutation]]

=== N ===
* [[HS-LS4-3|natural selection]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|negative feedback]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|neural stimuli]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|nitrogen]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|non-coding region]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|nucleic acid]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|nutrient uptake]]

=== O ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|ocean]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|organ]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|organ system]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|overexploitation]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|overpopulation]]
* [[HS-LS1-7|oxygen]]

=== P ===
* [[HS-LS1-4|parent cell]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|parents and offspring]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|phosphorus]]
* [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesis]]
* [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesizing organisms]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|physiology]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|pollution]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|population]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|population change]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|population shift]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|positive feedback]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|predation]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|probability]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|productivity]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|proliferation]]
* [[HS-LS4-3|proportion]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|protein]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|protein synthesis]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|pyramid of biomass]]

=== Q ===
* [[HS-ESS2-6|quantitative model]]

=== R ===
* [[HS-LS4-5|rate of change]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|replication error]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|reproduction]]
* [[HS-LS4-2|reproduction potential]]
* [[HS-LS2-1|resources]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|respiration]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|root development]]

=== S ===
* [[HS-LS2-8|schooling]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|scientific theory]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|sea level rise]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|selection]]
* [[HS-LS3-2|sexual reproduction]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|social impacts]]
* [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|soil]]
* [[HS-LS2-5|solar energy]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|specialized cell]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|speciation]]
* [[HS-LS4-1|species]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|species abundance]]
* [[HS-LS4-5|species emergence]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|stability and change]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|starch]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|statistics]]
* [[HS-LS1-4|stem cell]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|stimulus (response to stimuli)]]
* [[HS-LS1-3|stomata response]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|stromatolite]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|structural protein]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|structure and function]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|sugar]]
* [[HS-LS1-6|sulfur]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|survival]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|sustaining biodiversity]]
* [[HS-LS2-8|swarming]]
* [[HS-LS1-2|system model]]

=== T ===
* [[HS-LS1-2|tissue]]
* [[HS-LS2-7|trade-off]]
* [[HS-LS3-1|trait]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|trait distribution]]
* [[HS-LS4-4|trait frequency]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|transcription]]
* [[HS-LS1-1|translation]]
* [[HS-LS2-2|trend]]
* [[HS-LS2-4|trophic level]]

=== U ===
* [[HS-LS2-7|urbanization]]

=== V ===
* [[HS-LS1-2|vaccination]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|variability]]
* [[HS-LS3-3|variation]]
* [[HS-LS2-6|volcanic eruption]]

=== W ===
* [[HS-LS2-4|waste]]
* [[HS-ESS2-7|weathering]]

== Vocabulary from released exams ==
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released Regents question cluster. The exam is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used on several exams is linked to one representative question.
=== A ===
* [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q3|acid rain]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q2|allele]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergen]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergy]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|altitude]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|amphibian]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|animal model]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|antigen]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q4|appendage]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|aquatic]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|arthropod]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|asexual reproduction]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|asteroid impact]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Australia]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|autotroph (autotrophic nutrition)]] – June 2025

=== B ===
* [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q2|bacteria]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|base-pairing rule]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|behavioral adaptation]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|bind (to a receptor)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|biome (desert, savannah, deciduous woodland, tropical rainforest)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|blood sugar]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|body plan]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|body segmentation]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|body temperature]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|breathing rate]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q4|breeding]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|burrow]] – June 2025

=== C ===
* [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q2|camouflage]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|cannibalism]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon pool]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q5|carbon sequestration]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q4|carbon sink]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon storage]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|Carboniferous period]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|carnivore]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|carnivorous plant]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|chemical messenger]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|chemosynthesis]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|codon]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|codon chart]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q2|colonize]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q5|colony]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|Colorado]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|coloration]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|communication]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|conservation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q2|consumer]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|control region (of a gene)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral bleaching]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral reef]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q4|CRISPR-Cas9 (gene editing)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|cross (genetic cross)]] – June 2026

=== D ===
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|deletion (mutation)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|dependent variable]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|Devonian period]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q1|diabetes]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|diffusion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|digestion]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|dissolved oxygen]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|disulfide bridge]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q2|dominant allele]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q5|dormancy]] – Jan 2026

=== E ===
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|ecological pyramid]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|ecosystem services]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|endangered species]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|epigenetic change]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|evolutionary relationships]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|evolutionary tree]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q4|extinction rate]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q3|extrapolation]] – June 2025

=== F ===
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q3|feedback loop]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|filter feeder]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|flowering plant]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|food chain]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|foraging]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|fossil record]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|fraternal twins]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fungus]] – Aug 2026

=== G ===
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|gel electrophoresis]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q6|gene therapy]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|genetic code]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q6|genetic diversity]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q5|genetic technology]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|genetically identical]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|genome]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|genotype]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|germination]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q4|global warming]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q4|grazing]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Great Barrier Reef]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|greenhouse gas]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|growth and repair]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Space Invader#q1|growth rate]] – Jan 2026

=== H ===
* [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q3|habitat fragmentation]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|harmful algal bloom]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Space Invader#q4|herbicide]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|herbivore]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|hibernation]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|host]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q2|huddling]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|hybrid]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|hydrothermal vent]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q3|hypothesis]] – Jan 2026

=== I ===
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|identical twins]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|independent variable]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|infection]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|infectious disease]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|inflammatory response]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|insecticide]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|insertion (mutation)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q3|instinct]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|interbreeding]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|invertebrate]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q4|isolation (of populations)]] – Jan 2026

=== K ===
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|K-T extinction]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|keystone species]] – June 2025

=== L ===
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q5|land use]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|larva]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|leaf fossil phases]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|life cycle]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q3|life expectancy]] – Aug 2025

=== M ===
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|mammal]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|marsupial]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q4|mass extinction]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Colorful Guppies#q4|mate preference]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|mating]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|menstrual cycle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|metabolic pathway]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q2|metabolism]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|metamorphosis]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|methylation (and demethylation)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|microbe]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|mineral]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|mitochondrial DNA]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|model organism]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|mortality]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|mRNA sequence]] – Sample 2024

=== N ===
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|native species]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|New Mexico]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|niche]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q4|non-native species]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|nuclear DNA]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|nucleotide]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|nutrient cycling]] – June 2026

=== O ===
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|ocean acidification]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|omnivore]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|organelle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|organic compound]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|organic matter]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Space Invader#q2|outcompete]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|ovulation]] – June 2026

=== P ===
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|parasite]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|parasitism]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|parental care]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|parental generation (P) and F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub> generations]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|pathogen]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|permafrost]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|pest]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|pesticide]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|pH]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|phenotype]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|pheromone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Pickles Coral Reef, Florida]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|pigment]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|placental mammal]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q3|plague (Sylvatic Plague)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|poaching]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollination]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q5|pollinator]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q2|population density]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|population size]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|predator]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|prey]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|primate]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|producer]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q3|prostaglandin receptor]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q5|protected area]] – Jan 2026

=== R ===
* [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|radiation (radioactive)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|rainforest]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q5|range (of a population)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q1|recombination]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|reforestation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|regeneration]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|regulatory gene]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|reintroduction]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q1|remediation]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|reproductive cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|reproductive cycle]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|reproductive rate]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|reproductive strategy]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Frog Development#q3|reproductive success]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|resistance (to a pesticide or treatment)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|restoration]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|ribbon model]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|runoff]] – June 2026

=== S ===
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|salinity]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|salt marsh]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q2|sample size]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|sediment]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|sedimentation]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|seed dispersal]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q4|selective breeding]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|set point]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q2|sex chromosomes (X and Y)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|signal molecule]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|social behavior]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|social insect]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q2|somatic cell]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|spawning]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q5|splicing]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|spore]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|stop codon and start codon]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q2|subspecies]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|survival rate]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q3|survivorship curve]] – Aug 2025

=== T ===
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|taxonomic ranks (species, genus, family, order)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|terrestrial]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|territory]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|tetrapod]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|tide pool]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|top predator]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|top-down and bottom-up control]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|toxin]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|transcription factor]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q2|transect]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|transitional fossil]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q6|transplanting]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q4|transport across the cell membrane]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|transposon]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|trophic cascade]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|tumor]] – June 2025

=== U ===
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q1|ultraviolet radiation]] – Aug 2026

=== V ===
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q3|variant (gene variant)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|vertebrate]] – June 2025

=== W ===
* [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|waggle dance]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|wetland]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q4|wildlife corridor (wildlife bridge)]] – Aug 2025

== Cells, tissues, organs and body systems ==
Named parts of organisms, from organelles to body systems, with the standard or question that names them. Most come from the exams; the standards name only a few (the arteries, smooth muscle and elastic tissue of [[HS-LS1-2]], the stomates of [[HS-LS1-3]], the reproductive structures of [[HS-LS1-8]] and the sex cells of [[HS-LS3-2]]), and [[HS-LS1-1]] says assessment "does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions".
=== A ===
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|adrenal gland]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|air sac]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|amniotic sac]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|antenna]] – Aug 2025
* [[HS-LS1-2|artery]]

=== B ===
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|backbone]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|bladder]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|blastocyst]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|blood vessel]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|body cell]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|bone]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q2|bone cell]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|bone marrow]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|Bowman’s capsule]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|brain]] – June 2026

=== C ===
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|capillary]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|cardiac muscle]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|cell membrane]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|cell types (nerve, liver, skeletal muscle, intestinal, cheek cells)]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|cell wall]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|central disc]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|chloroplast]] – Aug 2026
* [[HS-LS1-2|circulatory system]]
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|cornea]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|corpus luteum]] – June 2026

=== D ===
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|dermal tissue]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|digestive system]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|digits (fingers and toes)]] – June 2025

=== E ===
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|egg (egg cell)]] – June 2026
* [[HS-LS1-2|elastic tissue]]
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|endocrine system]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|endoplasmic reticulum]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|epidermal cell]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|epidermis]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|excretory system]] – Aug 2025

=== F ===
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|follicle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|forelimb]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fruiting body]] – Aug 2026

=== G ===
* [[HS-LS1-8|gamete]]
* [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|gill]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|gland]] – June 2026

=== H ===
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|head, thorax and abdomen]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|heart]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|hyphae]] – Aug 2026

=== I ===
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q4|immune system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|inner cell mass]] – Aug 2025

=== K ===
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|keratinocyte]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|kidney]] – June 2026

=== L ===
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|large intestine]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|leaf]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q4|limb bud]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|liver]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|lung]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|lung cell]] – June 2025

=== M ===
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|mast cell]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|melanocyte]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|mitochondria]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q1|morula]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|muscle]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q2|muscle cell]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|muscular system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|musculoskeletal system]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|mycelium]] – Aug 2026

=== N ===
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|nephron]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|nephron loop]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|nerve]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|nervous system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|neuron (nerve cell)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q2|nucleus]] – Aug 2025

=== O ===
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|oil gland]] – Jan 2026
* [[HS-LS1-8|ovary]]
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|ovule]] – June 2026

=== P ===
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|pancreas]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|pectoral fin]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|pelvis]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|pharynx]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|phloem]] – Aug 2025
* [[HS-LS1-8|placenta]]
* [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|plant cell]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|platelet]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollen grain]] – June 2026

=== R ===
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|red blood cell]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|renal artery and renal vein]] – June 2025
* [[HS-LS1-8|reproductive system]]
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|respiratory system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|ribosome]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|root]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|root hair]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|root hair cell]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|root system]] – Aug 2025

=== S ===
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|salivary gland]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|sensory system]] – Aug 2026
* [[HS-LS3-2|sex cell]]
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|shoot system]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|skeletal system]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|skin]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|skin cell]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|small intestine]] – June 2026
* [[HS-LS1-2|smooth muscle]]
* [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q1|sperm]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q3|spinal cord]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|stem]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|stigma]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|stinger]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|stinging cell]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|stomach]] – June 2026
* [[HS-LS1-3|stomate]]

=== T ===
* [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|tentacle]] – Sample 2024
* [[HS-LS1-8|testis]]
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|tubule]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|tusk]] – Aug 2025

=== U ===
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|ureter]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urethra]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urinary system]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|uterine lining]] – June 2026
* [[HS-LS1-8|uterus]]

=== V ===
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|vacuole]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|vascular bundle]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|vein (leaf)]] – Aug 2026

=== W ===
* [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|water vascular system]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|white blood cell]] – Sample 2024

=== X ===
* [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|xylem]] – Aug 2025

=== Z ===
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|zygote]] – Aug 2026

== Organisms named in the exams ==
Organisms the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of living things NYSED writes about. The standards themselves name no organisms beyond "plants or algae" ([[HS-LS2-4]]), "microorganisms" and "corals" ([[HS-ESS2-7]]).

=== 2024 sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster|Coral Reefs Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|coral polyp]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae)]]
* '''[[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster|Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|avian dinosaur]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|early mammal]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|non-avian dinosaur]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q5|fern]]
* '''[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|mouse (animal model)]]
* '''[[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster|Old Forest Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|Archaeopteris]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds (diversity graph)]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|spore-producing, seed-producing and cone-producing plants]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?|Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?]]''': [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|algae]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|kelp]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|sea otter]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|sea urchin]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|coral, mussel, plankton and sea star (shell-builders)]]
* '''[[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!|Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!]]''': [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|fish (nephron comparison)]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|terrestrial mammal]]
* '''[[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]''': [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q1|Pacific chorus frog]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|bird]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|Ribeiroia (parasitic flatworm)]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|snail]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|tadpole]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|fruit fly]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|grasshopper, lobster, bee, dragonfly and mosquito (arthropods)]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|mouse]]
* '''[[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau|Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]''': [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|yak]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|pika]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|wolf, eagle and snow leopard (carnivores)]]
* '''[[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline|Salt Marsh Shoreline]]''': [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|goldenrod, groundsel bush, marsh elder, switchgrass, deer, hawk and cedar (upper border and upland)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|saltmeadow cordgrass, spikegrass, saltmarsh sparrow, aster and common reed (high marsh)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|smooth cordgrass, heron, egret, Atlantic silverside, minnow, glasswort and sea lavender (low marsh)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|striped bass, flounder, seaweed, clam, crab, mussel and worm (subtidal and mudflat)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|oyster (oyster reef)]]
* '''[[Questions:Limb Evolution|Limb Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|lobe-finned fish]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|zebrafish (ray-finned fish)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|Acanthostega (extinct tetrapod)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|human, mole, horse, porpoise and bat (living tetrapods)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|Rhizodus]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|Tiktaalik]]
* '''[[Questions:Does It Matter?|Does It Matter?]]''': [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|cow]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|soil bacterium (decomposition)]]
* '''[[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs|Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|black-footed ferret]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|black-tailed prairie dog]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|burrowing owl]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|rattlesnake]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q3|flea and rat (plague carriers)]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems|Trees Have Organ Systems]]''': [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|maple tree]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q4|sugar maple, red oak, beech, red maple, birch, white ash, black cherry, basswood, elm, balsam fir, hemlock, poplar, willow, red spruce and white pine (New York trees)]]
* '''[[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species|Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species]]''': [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|bluefin tuna]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|Eurasian shrew]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q5|American bison]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q5|wolf and mountain lion (bison predators)]]
* '''[[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk|A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk]]''': [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|mulberry plant]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|silkworm (silkworm moth)]]
* '''[[Questions:Ivory and Elephants|Ivory and Elephants]]''': [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|African savanna elephant]], [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q4|wild hog, raccoon and deer (Florida panther prey)]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth|Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|phytoplankton]], [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q3|krill]]
* '''[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]''': [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q5|crocodile, cat and dog (keratin structures)]]
* '''[[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?|How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?]]''': [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|kangaroo rat]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q2|beaver]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q3|rattlesnake]]
* '''[[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology|Evolutionary Relationships]]''': [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|Pakicetus, Rodhocetus, Dorudon and Balaena (whale lineage)]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q2|shark]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|camel, cow and hippopotamus (evolutionary tree)]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q4|goat]]
* '''[[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion|The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion]]''': [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|pig (animal model)]]
* '''[[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction|Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction]]''': [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|Florida panther]], [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|wild hog, raccoon and deer (prey)]], [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q3|feral hog]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Space Invader|Space Invader]]''': [[Questions:Space Invader#q1|Hydrilla (invasive pondweed)]]
* '''[[Questions:Keystone Species Rule|Keystone Species Rule]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|pike, carp, zooplankton and phytoplankton (lake trophic cascade)]], [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|willow, cottonwood and aspen]], [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|wolf, coyote, elk, bear, pronghorn and beaver (Yellowstone)]]
* '''[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]''': [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|cat]]
* '''[[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage|A Hard Pest to Manage]]''': [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower (host crops)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|diamondback moth]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt bacterium)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q4|European corn borer]]
* '''[[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats|Honeybee Behavior and Threats]]''': [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|honeybee]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|worker bee]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|Varroa mite (invasive parasite)]]
* '''[[Questions:Baboon Evolution|Baboon Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|baboon (Papio papio, anubis, hamadryas, kindae, cynocephalus, ursinus)]], [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|tick]]
* '''[[Questions:Purple Insect Eater|Purple Insect Eater]]''': [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea)]]
* '''[[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns|Zebra Coat Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|impala]], [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|plains zebra and Grévy’s zebra]], [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q3|biting fly]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival|A Seasonal Strategy for Survival]]''': [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|13-lined ground squirrel]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|northern long-eared bat]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|Scandinavian brown bear]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q5|fungus (bat colony infection)]]
* '''[[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?|Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?]]''': [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|algae]], [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q2|zooplankton, small fish, large fish, eagle, clam, duck and aquatic plants (freshwater food web)]]
* '''[[Questions:Green and Black Frogs|Green and Black Frogs]]''': [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis)]], [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q4|elk, roe deer and wild boar (Chernobyl abundance)]]
* '''[[Questions:Tailless Humans|Tailless Humans]]''': [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, Old World monkey, New World monkey, tarsier and lemur (primate tree)]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|hybrid mouse]]
* '''[[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind|Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind]]''': [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|microbe (decomposition)]]
* '''[[Questions:Buzzy Bees|Buzzy Bees]]''': [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|flowering plant]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|honeybee (queen, worker and drone)]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q4|parasitic mite]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q5|almond tree]]
* '''[[Questions:The Forest Gardener|The Forest Gardener]]''': [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|Baird’s tapir]], [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q3|jaguar, caiman, cacomistle, howler monkey, leafcutter ant, vermilion waxcap mushroom, Mayan drum snail and jicaro tree (rainforest trophic levels)]]
* '''[[Questions:Australian Adaptations|Australian Adaptations]]''': [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|phascogale, dunnart, Tasmanian devil, numbat, Tasmanian wolf, bilby, marsupial mole, wallaby and koala (marsupials)]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|shrew, bat and parrot (placental mammals and bird)]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q3|eucalyptus]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q3|giant koala (extinct)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mercury Rising|Mercury Rising]]''': [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|walleye, smallmouth bass, pumpkinseed, banded killifish, fish fry, insect larvae, protozoa, zooplankton, bacteria and phytoplankton (Onondaga Lake food chain)]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool|Star of the Tide Pool]]''': [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|clam]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|mussel]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|sea star]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|snail]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q4|mollusk]]
* '''[[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas|Deep-Sea Dilemmas]]''': [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|microbe (chemosynthetic bacteria)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|tubeworm]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q3|octopus, blind crab, zoarcid fish, dandelion siphonophore, mussel and shrimp (vent food web)]]
* '''[[Questions:Humongous Fungus|Humongous Fungus]]''': [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fox, coyote, mouse, rabbit, deer, grass and tree (ecological pyramid)]], [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea)]]
* '''[[Questions:Colorful Guppies|Colorful Guppies]]''': [[Questions:Colorful Guppies#q1|Trinidadian guppy]]
* '''[[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels|A Tale of Two Squirrels]]''': [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q1|Kaibab squirrel and Abert’s squirrel (tassel-eared squirrels)]], [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q1|ponderosa pine]]
* '''[[Questions:Frog Development|Frog Development]]''': [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|frog (tadpole)]]
* '''[[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants|Homeostasis in Plants]]''': [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q3|maple]], [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q4|thale cress (mustard family)]], [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|black cottonwood and eastern cottonwood]]
* '''[[Questions:Invasive Mussels|Invasive Mussels]]''': [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|native bivalves]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|perch and trout]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|phytoplankton and bacteria]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|zebra mussel and quagga mussel]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|zooplankton and opossum shrimp]]
* '''[[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity|Parrots and Biodiversity]]''': [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q1|monk parakeet]], [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q1|parrot]]
* '''[[Questions:The Permafrost Problem|The Permafrost Problem]]''': [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q3|conifer, shrub and grass (permafrost vegetation)]]

== Molecules, substances and genes ==
Specific molecules, substances, elements and genes that the standards or exam clusters name, grouped by source. Gene names are in italics.

=== From the standards ===
* [[HS-LS1-5|carbon dioxide]], [[HS-LS1-5|water]], [[HS-LS1-6|sugar molecule]], [[HS-LS1-7|ATP]], [[HS-LS3-1|DNA molecule]], [[HS-LS1-6|lipids, starches, proteins and nucleic acids]], [[HS-LS1-6|carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus (elements)]]

=== 2024 sample clusters ===
* '''[[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster|Coral Reefs Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis inputs and outputs)]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|atmospheric carbon dioxide]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|carbonic acid]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|dissolved carbon dioxide]]
* '''[[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster|Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|dust, sulfur and carbon dioxide (asteroid impact)]]
* '''[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|C-enzyme (C-1 and C-2 forms)]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|prostaglandin]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|serine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine and isoleucine (amino acids)]]
* '''[[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster|Old Forest Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|carbon dioxide and oxygen (atmospheric levels)]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q5|carbon (geological sequestration)]]

=== June 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?|Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?]]''': [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon compounds]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q3|carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen and ATP (photosynthesis equation)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|bicarbonate ion (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|carbonate ion (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>)]]
* '''[[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!|Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!]]''': [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urine]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|erythropoietin (EPO)]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q4|aquaporin]]
* '''[[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]''': [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|''Hox'' genes]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|retinoic acid]]
* '''[[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau|Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]''': [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|hemoglobin]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q2|''EPAS1'' gene]]
* '''[[Questions:Does It Matter?|Does It Matter?]]''': [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|sugar]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q3|starch, lipids, proteins and DNA (compounds plants make)]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q4|carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (elements)]]
* '''[[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs|Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|insecticide]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|oral vaccine]]
* '''[[Questions:Nature or Nurture?|Nature or Nurture?]]''': [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|''IGF2'' gene]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|mRNA]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|the 20 amino acids (phenylalanine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, proline, histidine, glutamine, arginine, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine, lysine, methionine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine)]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|growth hormone]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|methyl group]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|nicotine]]

=== August 2025 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems|Trees Have Organ Systems]]''': [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|minerals]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|sap]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q4|carbon (stored in wood)]]
* '''[[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk|A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk]]''': [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|amino acids]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|ATP]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|glucose]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|lipids]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|nitrogen]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|scent molecules]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|fibroin (silk protein)]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|mRNA]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|silk]]
* '''[[Questions:Ivory and Elephants|Ivory and Elephants]]''': [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|ivory]]
* '''[[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth|Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|carbon]], [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water]]
* '''[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]''': [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|keratin]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|''KRT1'', ''KRT10'' and ''KRT12'' genes]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|mRNA]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|proline, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and valine (amino acids)]]
* '''[[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?|How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?]]''': [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|urine]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|water]]

=== January 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins|Two Kinds of Twins]]''': [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|methyl group]], [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|methylated DNA]]
* '''[[Questions:Space Invader|Space Invader]]''': [[Questions:Space Invader#q2|carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), water (H<sub>2</sub>O), oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q3|lipids]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q3|nitrogen]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q4|herbicide]]
* '''[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]''': [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|Fel d 1 (cat allergen protein)]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|glutamic acid, tyrosine, valine, glutamine, alanine, lysine and leucine (amino acids)]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|histamine]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|mucus]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|testosterone]]
* '''[[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage|A Hard Pest to Manage]]''': [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|butane-fipronil (chemical pesticide)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|Bt toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F)]]
* '''[[Questions:Diabetes|Diabetes]]''': [[Questions:Diabetes#q1|glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP (cellular respiration)]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|glucose transport protein]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|insulin]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|insulin receptor protein]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|the 17 amino acids of insulin (glycine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, threonine, serine, leucine, tyrosine, asparagine, phenylalanine, histidine, alanine, arginine, proline, lysine)]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q5|immunosuppressant]]
* '''[[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats|Honeybee Behavior and Threats]]''': [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|pollen and nectar]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|oxalic acid (mite treatment)]]
* '''[[Questions:Baboon Evolution|Baboon Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA]]
* '''[[Questions:Purple Insect Eater|Purple Insect Eater]]''': [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|carbon dioxide]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|digestive enzymes]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|nectar]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q3|nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium (essential nutrients)]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|chlorophyll]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]]
* '''[[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns|Zebra Coat Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|melanin]]

=== June 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival|A Seasonal Strategy for Survival]]''': [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|carbon dioxide and oxygen]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q3|sugar, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP]]
* '''[[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?|Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?]]''': [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|nitrogen]]
* '''[[Questions:Green and Black Frogs|Green and Black Frogs]]''': [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|melanin]]
* '''[[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)|Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)]]''': [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen (blood hormones)]]
* '''[[Questions:Tailless Humans|Tailless Humans]]''': [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|''TBXT'' gene]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|AluY (inserted DNA sequence)]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|mRNA]]
* '''[[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind|Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind]]''': [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|natural gas, oil and coal (fossil fuels)]], [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q2|carbon dioxide]]
* '''[[Questions:Buzzy Bees|Buzzy Bees]]''': [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollen, nectar and honey]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|wax]]
* '''[[Questions:The Forest Gardener|The Forest Gardener]]''': [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|carbon dioxide]]
* '''[[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body|Caffeine’s Effect on the Body]]''': [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|caffeine]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|adenosine]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|''ADORA2A'' gene (adenosine receptor)]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|mRNA]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q4|CYP1A2 enzyme]]
* '''[[Questions:Australian Adaptations|Australian Adaptations]]''': [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|WALLSI1A and WSINE1/1a (inserted gene sequences)]]
* '''[[Questions:Mercury Rising|Mercury Rising]]''': [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q1|mercury]]

=== August 2026 exam ===
* '''[[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas|Deep-Sea Dilemmas]]''': [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|glucose (sugar)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q3|minerals]]
* '''[[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color|Human Variations in Eye Color]]''': [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|melanin]], [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|''OCA2'' and ''HERC2'' genes]]
* '''[[Questions:Humongous Fungus|Humongous Fungus]]''': [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|RNA (base sequence)]]
* '''[[Questions:Frog Development|Frog Development]]''': [[Questions:Frog Development#q4|food, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP (cellular respiration inputs and outputs)]]
* '''[[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants|Homeostasis in Plants]]''': [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q2|glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP]]
* '''[[Questions:Invasive Mussels|Invasive Mussels]]''': [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|phosphorus (lake nutrient)]]
* '''[[Questions:The Permafrost Problem|The Permafrost Problem]]''': [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)]], [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q3|nitrogen]]

== Units ==
Units used in the released exams (the standards use none).
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q4|parts per million (ppm)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q3|hectare]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|gigaton (GT)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|micrometer (µm)]] – Aug 2026
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|milligrams per liter (mg/L)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|cells per milliliter (cells/mL)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|micrograms per gram (µg/g)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q3|milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)]] – Jan 2026
* [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|beats per minute (BPM)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q4|individuals per square kilometer (No./km<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2026
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|grams per square meter (g/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q3|millimeters of mercury (mmHg)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q2|milliosmoles per liter]] – Aug 2025
* [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q3|centimeters per year (cm/year)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|millimoles per cubic meter (mmol/m<sup>3</sup>)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|grams of carbon per square meter (gC/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|milli-units per milliliter (mU/mL)]] – June 2025
* [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|million years ago (mya)]] – Sample 2024
* [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|kilogram (kg)]] – Sample 2024

== Implied terms ==
These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Some familiar terms are explicitly excluded from assessment and are therefore not listed: [[HS-LS4-2]] does "not include other mechanisms of evolution, such as genetic drift, gene flow through migration, and co-evolution"; [[HS-LS4-3]] does "not include allele frequency calculations"; [[HS-LS3-3]] does "not include Hardy-Weinberg calculations"; [[HS-LS3-2]] does "not include the phases of meiosis"; [[HS-LS1-8]] does "not include the details of hormonal regulation or stages of embryonic development"; and [[HS-LS1-6]] does "not include the details of the specific chemical reactions or identification of structural and molecular formulas for macromolecules".
* '''biomagnification''' – [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|June 2026 Mercury Rising]]: mercury in each organism of the food chain is "ten times higher than their prey".
* '''convergent evolution''' – [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q2|Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships]] asks why sharks (fish) and marine mammals evolved similar body shapes, without naming the idea.
* '''crossing over''' – [[HS-LS3-2]]: in sexual reproduction "chromosomes can sometimes swap sections during the process of meiosis".
* '''decomposer''' – [[HS-LS2-5]] names "decomposition"; [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus]] describes a fungus that "releases chemicals that break down dead organisms and then absorbs the resulting nutrients", and [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|June 2025 Does It Matter?]] pictures a soil bacterium returning "nutrients added to soil".
* '''fitness''' – [[HS-LS4-3]]: natural selection leads to organisms that are "anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment"; the exams keep the phrase "survive and reproduce" (for example [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]) and never say fitness.
* '''homologous structure''' – [[HS-LS4-1]]: evidence from "anatomical structures" and "anatomical and embryological evidence"; [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|June 2025 Limb Evolution]] credits "a similar arrangement of bones, which provides evidence of common ancestry".
* '''selection pressure (environmental pressure)''' – [[HS-LS4-2]]: "competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources"; [[HS-LS4-4]]: "biotic and abiotic differences in ecosystems" that "contribute to a change in gene frequency over time". Neither standard uses the word pressure.
* '''ten percent rule''' – [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus]] labels the levels of an ecological pyramid 100%, 10% and 1% of the energy; the [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]] rubric credits "energy is lost to heat as you move up trophic levels".
* '''vestigial structure''' – [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships]] shows the non-functional pelvis and hind-limb bones of extinct whale ancestors without naming the idea.

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Chemistry Glossary

2026-09-26T01:10:40Z

Conradrichman: Reorganize glossary: source-tagged sections (standards, exams, substances, elements, units, implied terms); add terms from the June and August 2026 exams; fix a few source links

Surface Ocean Currents Model

2026-09-25T13:54:53Z