Energy - Revision history

Conrad: Remove the Rows section (anchor names are documented on Template:Rt)

2026-10-25T21:52:21Z

Remove the Rows section (anchor names are documented on Template:Rt)

Conrad: Row anchors as zero-height blocks above the image, so a row link shows the whole table

2026-10-25T21:41:16Z

Row anchors as zero-height blocks above the image, so a row link shows the whole table

Conrad: Show the official table image instead of a wikitext copy; row anchors now land on the image

2026-10-25T21:40:01Z

Show the official table image instead of a wikitext copy; row anchors now land on the image

Conrad: Make the Regents Exam Questions table scroll sideways on narrow screens instead of widening the page

2026-10-25T21:31:29Z

Make the Regents Exam Questions table scroll sideways on narrow screens instead of widening the page

Conrad: Physics reference tables (2025 Edition): new reference table page

2026-10-25T20:28:20Z

Physics reference tables (2025 Edition): new reference table page

New page

{{Physreftable
|name=Energy
|prev=Motion and Forces
|next=Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
|desc=Energy equations from the NYS Physics Reference Tables (2025 Edition): kinetic energy, gravitational and spring potential energy, work, net work, total energy, power, thermal energy Q = mc delta T and percent efficiency, with their variables.
}}
The '''Energy''' page of the ''Reference Tables for Physical Science: Physics'' (2025 Edition) is the energy equation sheet: nine equations with the meaning of their variables. Kinetic and potential energy, work and total energy support [[HS-PS3-1]] and [[HS-PS3-2]]; power and percent efficiency support [[HS-PS3-3]]; ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' supports [[HS-PS3-4]]. Every equation has its own row anchor.

<div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 32px;align-items:flex-start;">
<div style="min-width:0;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Equations
|- id="kinetic-energy"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''KE'' = ½''mv''2
|- id="gravitational-pe"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h''
|- id="spring-pe"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''PE''s = ½''kx''2
|- id="work"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''W'' = ''Fd''
|- id="net-work"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''W''net = Δ''E''T
|- id="total-energy"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other
|- id="power"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''P'' = ''W''''t'' = ''Fd''''t'' = ''F''''v''
|- id="thermal-energy"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T''
|- id="efficiency"
| style="padding:8px 16px;" | % efficiency = outputinput × 100
|}
</div>
<div style="min-width:0;">
{| class="wikitable"
! Variables
|-
| ''c'' = specific heat capacity
|-
| ''d'' = displacement ''or'' distance
|-
| ''E''other = non-mechanical energy
|-
| ''E''T = total energy
|-
| ''F'' = force
|-
| ''g'' = acceleration due to gravity ''or'' gravitational field strength
|-
| ''h'' = height
|-
| ''k'' = spring constant
|-
| ''KE'' = kinetic energy
|-
| ''m'' = mass
|-
| ''P'' = power
|-
| ''PE'' = potential energy
|-
| ''PE''g = gravitational potential energy
|-
| ''PE''s = spring potential energy
|-
| ''Q'' = change in thermal energy
|-
| ''T'' = temperature
|-
| ''t'' = time interval
|-
| ''v'' = velocity ''or'' speed
|-
| ''v'' = average velocity ''or'' average speed
|-
| ''W'' = work
|-
| ''W''net = net work
|-
| ''x'' = change in spring length from equilibrium position
|-
| Δ = change
|}
</div>
</div>

== What the energy page shows ==
'''Forms of energy.''' Kinetic energy ''KE'' = ½''mv''2, the change in gravitational potential energy Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h'' (written as a change, since only differences in height matter, with ''g'' from the [[List of Physical Constants#gravity|List of Physical Constants]]) and the spring potential energy ''PE''s = ½''kx''2, where ''x'' is the stretch or compression from the equilibrium length. ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other says the total energy of a system is the sum of its mechanical energy and everything else (thermal energy, sound, and so on); when ''E''other does not change, the mechanical energy is conserved, which is the heart of [[HS-PS3-1]] and [[HS-PS3-2]].

'''Work and power.''' ''W'' = ''Fd'' is the work done by a force along a displacement, and ''W''net = Δ''E''T the work–energy relationship: the net work done on a system equals its change in total energy. Power is work per time, or force times average velocity. Percent efficiency compares useful output to input (energy or power) and goes with the energy-conversion devices of [[HS-PS3-3]].

'''Thermal energy.''' ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' gives the thermal energy transferred when a mass ''m'' of a substance changes temperature by Δ''T''. Specific heat capacities are not listed on the 2025 tables (the 2006 edition did not list them either), so a question supplies the value it needs. The 2006 edition wrote the total energy as ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''Q'' with ''Q'' as internal energy; the 2025 edition uses ''E''other for that and reserves ''Q'' for ''mc''Δ''T''.

== Rows ==
Each row of the table has an anchor, so a link or an <code><nowiki>{{Rt}}</nowiki></code> chip ([[Template:Rt]]) can point at one equation or constant:
* <code>kinetic-energy</code> – ''KE'' = ½''mv''2
* <code>gravitational-pe</code> – Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h''
* <code>spring-pe</code> – ''PE''s = ½''kx''2
* <code>work</code> – ''W'' = ''Fd''
* <code>net-work</code> – ''W''net = Δ''E''T
* <code>total-energy</code> – ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other
* <code>power</code> – ''P'' = ''W''/''t''
* <code>thermal-energy</code> – ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T''
* <code>efficiency</code> – % efficiency

== Regents Exam Questions ==
Released Regents questions that cannot be answered without this table, listed by exam. Each link opens the question with its answer key; the standard is the one the question assesses.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Exam
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Cluster
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Standard
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Row
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Physics Exam|June 2026 Physics Regents]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pendulum Motion|Pendulum Motion]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q2|Question 2]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-2]]
| style="background-color:white;" | Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h''; ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange|Heat Exchange]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q2|Question 12]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-3]]
| style="background-color:white;" | % efficiency
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange|Heat Exchange]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|Question 13]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-4]]
| style="background-color:white;" | ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T''
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange|Heat Exchange]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|Question 14]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-4]]
| style="background-color:white;" | ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T''
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova|From Astro Blaster to Supernova]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q1|Question 36]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-1]]
| style="background-color:white;" | ''KE'' = ½''mv''2; ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:white;" | [[Physics Sample Question Clusters|Physics sample clusters]] (spring 2025)
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping|Bungee Jumping]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|Question 1]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-1]]
| style="background-color:white;" | Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h''
|-
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping|Bungee Jumping]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|Question 4]]
| style="background-color:white;" | [[HS-PS3-1]]
| style="background-color:white;" | ''E''T = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''other; Δ''PE''g = ''mg''Δ''h''
|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 25 October 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:

	'''Thermal energy.''' ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' gives the thermal energy transferred when a mass ''m'' of a substance changes temperature by Δ''T''. Specific heat capacities are not listed on the 2025 tables (the 2006 edition did not list them either), so a question supplies the value it needs. The 2006 edition wrote the total energy as ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''Q'' with ''Q'' as internal energy; the 2025 edition uses ''E''<sub>other</sub> for that and reserves ''Q'' for ''mc''Δ''T''.		'''Thermal energy.''' ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' gives the thermal energy transferred when a mass ''m'' of a substance changes temperature by Δ''T''. Specific heat capacities are not listed on the 2025 tables (the 2006 edition did not list them either), so a question supplies the value it needs. The 2006 edition wrote the total energy as ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''Q'' with ''Q'' as internal energy; the 2025 edition uses ''E''<sub>other</sub> for that and reserves ''Q'' for ''mc''Δ''T''.
−
−	~~== Rows ==~~
−	~~A link or an <code><nowiki>{{Rt}}</nowiki></code> chip ([[Template:Rt]]) can point at one equation or constant with these anchors; each one lands on the table above:~~
−	* <code>kinetic-energy</code> – ''KE'' = ½''mv''<sup>2</sup>
−	* <code>gravitational-pe</code> – Δ''PE''<sub>g</sub> = ''mg''Δ''h''
−	* <code>spring-pe</code> – ''PE''<sub>s</sub> = ½''kx''<sup>2</sup>
−	* <code>work</code> – ''W'' = ''Fd''
−	* <code>net-work</code> – ''W''<sub>net</sub> = Δ''E''<sub>T</sub>
−	* <code>total-energy</code> – ''E''<sub>T</sub> = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''<sub>other</sub>
−	* <code>power</code> – ''P'' = ''W''/''t''
−	* <code>thermal-energy</code> – ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T''
−	* <code>efficiency</code> – % efficiency

	== Regents Exam Questions ==		== Regents Exam Questions ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The '''Energy''' page of the ''Reference Tables for Physical Science: Physics'' (2025 Edition) is the energy equation sheet: nine equations with the meaning of their variables. Kinetic and potential energy, work and total energy support [[HS-PS3-1]] and [[HS-PS3-2]]; power and percent efficiency support [[HS-PS3-3]]; ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' supports [[HS-PS3-4]]. Every equation has its own row anchor.
-<span id="kinetic-energy"></span><span id="gravitational-pe"></span><span id="spring-pe"></span><span id="work"></span><span id="net-work"></span><span id="total-energy"></span><span id="power"></span><span id="thermal-energy"></span><span id="efficiency"></span>[[File:Energy.png|760px|class=img-fluid|alt=Energy from the Physics Reference Tables (2025 Edition)]]
+<div id="kinetic-energy"></div><div id="gravitational-pe"></div><div id="spring-pe"></div><div id="work"></div><div id="net-work"></div><div id="total-energy"></div><div id="power"></div><div id="thermal-energy"></div><div id="efficiency"></div>
 == What the energy page shows ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The '''Energy''' page of the ''Reference Tables for Physical Science: Physics'' (2025 Edition) is the energy equation sheet: nine equations with the meaning of their variables. Kinetic and potential energy, work and total energy support [[HS-PS3-1]] and [[HS-PS3-2]]; power and percent efficiency support [[HS-PS3-3]]; ''Q'' = ''mc''Δ''T'' supports [[HS-PS3-4]]. Every equation has its own row anchor.
-<div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 32px;align-items:flex-start;">
+<span id="kinetic-energy"></span><span id="gravitational-pe"></span><span id="spring-pe"></span><span id="work"></span><span id="net-work"></span><span id="total-energy"></span><span id="power"></span><span id="thermal-energy"></span><span id="efficiency"></span>[[File:Energy.png|760px|class=img-fluid|alt=Energy from the Physics Reference Tables (2025 Edition)]]
 == What the energy page shows ==
@@ Line 92: / Line 17: @@
 == Rows ==
-Each row of the table has an anchor, so a link or an <code><nowiki>{{Rt}}</nowiki></code> chip ([[Template:Rt]]) can point at one equation or constant:
+A link or an <code><nowiki>{{Rt}}</nowiki></code> chip ([[Template:Rt]]) can point at one equation or constant with these anchors; each one lands on the table above:
 * <code>kinetic-energy</code> – ''KE'' = ½''mv''<sup>2</sup>
 * <code>gravitational-pe</code> – Δ''PE''<sub>g</sub> = ''mg''Δ''h''

@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 Released Regents questions that cannot be answered without this table, listed by exam. Each link opens the question with its answer key; the standard is the one the question assesses.
 {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
 ! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Exam
@@ Line 150: / Line 151: @@
 | style="background-color:white;" | ''E''<sub>T</sub> = ''PE'' + ''KE'' + ''E''<sub>other</sub>; Δ''PE''<sub>g</sub> = ''mg''Δ''h''
 |}