HS-PS1-1 | Periodic Table

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Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Clarification statement: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, and reactions with oxygen.

Assessment boundary: Assessment is limited to main group elements. Assessment does not include quantitative understanding of ionization energy beyond relative trends.

Assessment

What assessment of HS-PS1-1 might look like on a NY state exam.

Exam Cluster Question
August 2026 Semiconductors Question 14
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June 2026 How Glow Became Gloom Question 2
Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics Question 35
Sample clusters (Spring 2025) Smartphone Chemistry Question 1
Evaluating Gas Stoves Question 2

Performance Level Descriptions

PLDs communicate the knowledge and skills expected of students to demonstrate proficiency in each Learning Standard. NYS assessments classify student performance into one of five levels.

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Level 1: Use the periodic table as a model to identify the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms or the relative properties of elements within a group or period.
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Level 2: Use the periodic table as a model to identify the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms and the relative properties of elements within a group or period.
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Level 3: Use the periodic table as a model to describe the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.
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Level 4: Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.
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Level 5: Use the periodic table as a model to construct a representation of chemical behavior using relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Vocabulary

Terms from the Chemistry Glossary that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.

From this standard
  • atom
  • atomic scale
  • atomic structure
  • attraction
  • bond
  • chemical property
  • component (of a system)
  • contact force
  • electric charge
  • electron
  • electron state
  • element
  • energy level
  • evidence
  • group (of the periodic table)
  • ionization
  • ionization energy
  • main-group element
  • matter
  • metal
  • neutron
  • nucleus
  • outermost energy level
  • period (of the periodic table)
  • periodic table
  • phenomenon
  • properties
  • proton
  • quantitative
  • reaction with oxygen
  • reactivity
  • relative property
  • repulsion
  • system
  • transformation
  • trend
From released exam questions
Implied by this standard
  • atomic number – implied by "orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus"
  • electron configuration – implied by "patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms"
  • ionic bond – implied by "types of bonds formed"

Resources

Examples and discussion of resources for the learning, teaching, and assessment of HS-PS1-1.

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NGSS Dimensions

Performance expectation HS-PS1-1 was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:

Science and Engineering Practices
  • Developing and Using Models
    • Use a model to predict the relationships between systems or between components of a system.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
  • PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter
    • Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
    • The periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus and places those with similar chemical properties in columns. The repeating patterns of this table reflect patterns of outer electron states.
  • PS2.B: Types of Interactions
    • Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects. (secondary to HS-PS1-1)
Crosscutting Concepts
  • Patterns
    • Different patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which a system is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena.

K-12 Progression

This alignment of standards between grade bands has been developed based on The NSTA Quick-Reference Guide to the NGSS, K-12. Standards are aligned based on their Disciplinary Core Ideas and can be used to understand what students should know from earlier classes.

This standard is related to the following standards from prior grade-level bands:

Disciplinary Core Idea

    PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

(NYSED) Different kinds of matter exist and many of them can be either solid or liquid. Matter can be described, categorized, and sorted by its observable properties.
  • P-PS1-1: Ask questions and use observations to test the claim that different kinds of matter exist as either solid or liquid.
Matter of any type can be subdivided into particles that are too small to see, but even then the matter still exists and can be detected by other means. A model shows that gases are made from matter particles that are too small to see and are moving freely around in space can explain many observations, including the inflation and shape of a balloon and the effects of air on larger particles or objects.
  • 5-PS1-1: Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen.
(NYSED) Substances are made of one type of atom or combinations of different types of atoms. Individual atoms are particles and can combine to form larger particles that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.


Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals).

  • MS-PS1-1: Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.


Page contributors: Caroline Leonard, Conrad Richman
Chemistry | HS. Structure and Properties of Matter
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