MS-LS4-6

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Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on using mathematical models, probability statements, and proportional reasoning to support explanations of trends in changes to populations over time.

Assessment boundary: Assessment does not include Hardy Weinberg calculations.

Performance Level Descriptions

PLDs communicate the knowledge and skills expected of students to demonstrate proficiency in each Learning Standard. NYS assessments classify student performance into one of four levels.

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Level 1: Use a given mathematical representation to identify the evidence that supports the explanation, from those provided, that natural selection causes an increase or decrease in a specific trait in a population.

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Level 2: Use a given mathematical representation to describe the evidence that supports the explanation that natural selection causes an increase and/or decrease in a specific trait in a population.

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Level 3: Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

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Level 4: Use mathematical representations and other empirical data to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Resources

Examples and discussion of resources for the learning, teaching, and assessment of MS-LS4-6.

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Assessment

What assessment of MS-LS4-6 might look like on a NY state exam.

Exam	Cluster	Question
Spring 2025	Behavior and Evolution of Guppies	Question 49

NGSS Dimensions

Performance expectation MS-LS4-6 was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:

Science and Engineering Practices

• Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
  • Use mathematical representations to support scientific conclusions and design solutions.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• LS4.C: Adaptation
  • Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Cause and Effect
  • Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability.

Page contributors: Caroline Leonard, Conrad Richman, Shirley Shameen

MS | MS. Natural Selection and Adaptations