HS-ESS2-3
Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.
Clarification statement: Emphasis is on both a one-dimensional model of Earth, with radial layers determined by density, and a three- dimensional model, which is controlled by mantle convection and the resulting plate tectonics. Rocks and minerals can be identified and classified using various tests and protocols that determine their physical and chemical properties. Examples of evidence include maps of Earth’s three-dimensional structure obtained from seismic waves, records of the rate of change of Earth’s magnetic field (as constraints on convection in the outer core), and identification of the composition of Earth’s layers from high-pressure laboratory experiments.
Resources
Examples and discussion of resources for the learning, teaching, and assessment of HS-ESS2-3.
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Assessment
What assessment of HS-ESS2-3 might look like on a NY state exam. Modeling of Earth's Interior Sample Cluster
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NGSS Dimensions
Performance expectation HS-ESS2-3 was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:
- Developing and using models: Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.
- Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence: Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.
- Earth materials and systems: Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior.
- Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions: Residual heat from Earth’s formation and the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in Earth’s interior continually generate energy that is absorbed by Earth’s mantle and crust, driving mantle convection. Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection.
- Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions: Minerals are the building blocks of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and can be identified using physical and chemical characteristics. These rock types are evidence of stages of constant recycling of Earth material by surface processes and convection currents in the mantle.
- Wave properties: Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.
- Energy and matter: Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems.
- Interdependence of science, technology, and engineering: Science and engineering complement each other in the cycle known as research and development (R&D). Many R&D projects may involve scientists, engineers, and others with wide ranges of expertise.