Difference between revisions of "HS-LS1-1"

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| topic = DNA and Protein Synthesis
 
| ls = Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of
 
| ls = Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of
 
proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
 
proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
 
| cs = Emphasis should be on how the DNA code is transcribed and translated in the synthesis of proteins. Types of proteins involved in performing life functions include enzymes, structural proteins, cell receptors, hormones, and antibodies.
 
| cs = Emphasis should be on how the DNA code is transcribed and translated in the synthesis of proteins. Types of proteins involved in performing life functions include enzymes, structural proteins, cell receptors, hormones, and antibodies.
 
| ab = Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the detailed biochemistry of protein synthesis.
 
| ab = Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the detailed biochemistry of protein synthesis.
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}}
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== {{Assessmentheading}} ==
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{{assessmentmessage}}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
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! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Exam
 +
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Cluster
 +
! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2026 Life Science: Biology Exam|August 2026 Biology Regents]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color|Human Variations in Eye Color]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|Question 11]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Humongous Fungus|Humongous Fungus]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|Question 16]]
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Life Science: Biology Exam|June 2026 Biology Regents]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Tailless Humans|Tailless Humans]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|Question 20]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body|Caffeine’s Effect on the Body]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|Question 39]]
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[January 2026 Life Science: Biology Exam|January 2026 Biology Regents]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|Question 14]]
 +
|-
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q5|Question 18]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Diabetes|Diabetes]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|Question 26]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns|Zebra Coat Patterns]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|Question 42]]
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2025 Life Science: Biology Exam|August 2025 Biology Regents]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk|A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Question 14]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|Question 24]]
 +
|-
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|Question 26]]
 +
|-
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| rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2025 Life Science: Biology Exam|June 2025 Biology Regents]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|Question 13]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|Question 16]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?|Nature or Nurture?]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|Question 44]]
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|-
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?|Nature or Nurture?]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|Question 45]]
 +
|-
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| rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[Biology Sample Questions|Biology sample clusters]] (Spring 2024)
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|Question 1]]
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|-
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins]]
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|Question 2]]
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|-
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins]]
 +
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|Question 5]]
 +
|}
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 +
== Vocabulary ==
 +
Terms from the [[Biology Glossary]] that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.
 +
 +
<div class="vocab-subhead">From this standard</div>
 +
<div class="vocab-list" style="column-width:14em;">
 +
* antibody
 +
* body system
 +
* cell
 +
* cell function
 +
* cell receptor
 +
* claim
 +
* DNA
 +
* DNA code
 +
* enzyme
 +
* gene
 +
* genetic information
 +
* hormone
 +
* investigation
 +
* protein
 +
* protein synthesis
 +
* specialized cell
 +
* structural protein
 +
* structure and function
 +
* tissue
 +
* transcription
 +
* translation
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="vocab-subhead">From released exam questions</div>
 +
<div class="vocab-list" style="column-width:20em;">
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergen]] – Jan 2026
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* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergy]] – Jan 2026
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* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|amino acid]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|June 2026]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|Jan 2026]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Aug 2025]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|June 2025]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|amino acid sequence]] – Jan 2026, [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Aug 2025]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|animal model]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|base-pairing rule]] – Sample 2024
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* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|bind (to a receptor)]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|June 2026]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|June 2025]]
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|blood vessel]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|body cell]] – Aug 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|body plan]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|brain]] – June 2026
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* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|cancer]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|cell membrane]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|cell types (nerve, liver, skeletal muscle, intestinal, cheek cells)]] – Aug 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|chemical messenger]] – Sample 2024
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* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|chromosome]] – Aug 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|coding region]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|codon]] – Aug 2025, [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|June 2025]]
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* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|codon chart]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Aug 2025]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|June 2025]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|coloration]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|control region (of a gene)]] – Aug 2026
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* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|cornea]] – Aug 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q5|CRISPR-Cas9 (gene editing)]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|deletion (mutation)]] – Aug 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|disulfide bridge]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|DNA sequence]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|June 2026]], [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|Jan 2026]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Aug 2025]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|June 2025]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|embryo]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|embryonic development]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|fungus]] – Aug 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|gene expression]] – Aug 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|genetic code]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q5|Jan 2026]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|inflammatory response]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|keratinocyte]] – Aug 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|mammal]] – June 2026, [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|Jan 2026]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|June 2025]]
 +
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|melanocyte]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|methylation (and demethylation)]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|mRNA sequence]] – Aug 2025, [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|Sample 2024]]
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|mutation]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|Jan 2026]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|Aug 2025]]
 +
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|nerve]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|neuron (nerve cell)]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|nucleotide]] – Aug 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|nucleus]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|oil gland]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|oxygen]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|parasite]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|pigment]] – Aug 2026, [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|Jan 2026]]
 +
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|regulatory gene]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|ribbon model]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|ribosome]] – Sample 2024
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|salivary gland]] – Jan 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|skin]] – Jan 2026, [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|Aug 2025]]
 +
* [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|skin cell]] – Jan 2026, [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|Aug 2025]]
 +
* [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|stop codon and start codon]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|trait]] – June 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|variation]] – Aug 2026
 +
* [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|vertebrate]] – June 2025
 +
* [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|white blood cell]] – Sample 2024
 +
</div>
 +
 +
{{PerformanceLevel}}
 +
{{PLTable
 +
| Level5 = Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
 +
| Level4 = Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
 +
| Example4 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|Aug 2026 · Q11]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q5|Jan 2026 · Q18]]</span>
 +
| Level3 = Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out essential functions.
 +
| Example3 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|June 2026 · Q39]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|June 2025 · Q16]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|June 2025 · Q45]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|June 2025 · Q2]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|June 2025 · Q5]]</span>
 +
| Level2 = Describe the evidence that supports an explanation that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins.
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| Example2 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|Jan 2026 · Q42]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|Aug 2025 · Q14]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|Aug 2025 · Q26]]</span>
 +
| Level1 = Identify the evidence that supports the claim/explanation that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins <b><u>or</u></b> identify the explanation/claim using given evidence that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins.
 +
| Example1 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|Aug 2026 · Q16]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|June 2026 · Q20]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Diabetes#q4|Jan 2026 · Q26]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|Jan 2026 · Q14]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|Aug 2025 · Q24]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|June 2025 · Q13]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|June 2025 · Q44]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-bio">[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|June 2025 · Q1]]</span>
 
}}
 
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| TOPIC = HS. Structure and Function
 
| TOPIC = HS. Structure and Function
 
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<metadesc>NYS Standard HS-LS1-1: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.</metadesc>
 

Latest revision as of 09:46, 18 October 2026

HS-LS1-2 →

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

Clarification statement: Emphasis should be on how the DNA code is transcribed and translated in the synthesis of proteins. Types of proteins involved in performing life functions include enzymes, structural proteins, cell receptors, hormones, and antibodies.

Assessment boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the detailed biochemistry of protein synthesis.

Regents Exam Questions

Released New York State Regents exam questions that assess HS-LS1-1 are listed here by exam and question cluster. Each link opens the question with its answer key.

Exam Cluster Question
August 2026 Biology Regents Human Variations in Eye Color Question 11
Humongous Fungus Question 16
June 2026 Biology Regents Tailless Humans Question 20
Caffeine’s Effect on the Body Question 39
January 2026 Biology Regents Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies Question 14
Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies Question 18
Diabetes Question 26
Zebra Coat Patterns Question 42
August 2025 Biology Regents A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk Question 14
Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein Question 24
Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein Question 26
June 2025 Biology Regents Heads or Tails? Question 13
Heads or Tails? Question 16
Nature or Nurture? Question 44
Nature or Nurture? Question 45
Biology sample clusters (Spring 2024) Prostaglandins Question 1
Prostaglandins Question 2
Prostaglandins Question 5

Vocabulary

Terms from the Biology Glossary that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.

From this standard
  • antibody
  • body system
  • cell
  • cell function
  • cell receptor
  • claim
  • DNA
  • DNA code
  • enzyme
  • gene
  • genetic information
  • hormone
  • investigation
  • protein
  • protein synthesis
  • specialized cell
  • structural protein
  • structure and function
  • tissue
  • transcription
  • translation
From released exam questions

Performance Level Descriptions

Every Regents exam question on HS-LS1-1 is written to match one of the performance level descriptions (PLDs) below.

Level 1: Identify the evidence that supports the claim/explanation that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins or identify the explanation/claim using given evidence that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Aug 2026 · Q16 June 2026 · Q20 Jan 2026 · Q26 Jan 2026 · Q14 Aug 2025 · Q24 June 2025 · Q13 June 2025 · Q44 June 2025 · Q1
Level 2: Describe the evidence that supports an explanation that the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Jan 2026 · Q42 Aug 2025 · Q14 Aug 2025 · Q26
Level 3: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out essential functions. June 2026 · Q39 June 2025 · Q16 June 2025 · Q45 June 2025 · Q2 June 2025 · Q5
Level 4: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. Aug 2026 · Q11 Jan 2026 · Q18
Level 5: Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
Notice: PLD levels!

Resources

Examples and discussion of resources for the learning, teaching, and assessment of HS-LS1-1.

Pixel beaver This section could be expanded upon. You can help out by adding to this section.


NGSS Dimensions

Performance expectation HS-LS1-1 was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:

Science and Engineering Practices
  • Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
    • Construct an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
  • LS1.A: Structure and Function
    • Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential functions of life.
    • All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells.(Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.)
Crosscutting Concepts
  • Structure and Function
    • Investigating or designing new systems or structures requires a detailed examination of the properties of different materials, the structures of different components, and connections of components to reveal its function and/or solve a problem.
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Caroline Leonard
Biology | HS. Structure and Function
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