Difference between revisions of "HS-ESS1-4"
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{{Navlinks|HS-ESS1-3|HS-ESS1-5|← HS-ESS1-3|HS-ESS1-5 →}} | {{Navlinks|HS-ESS1-3|HS-ESS1-5|← HS-ESS1-3|HS-ESS1-5 →}} | ||
{{learningstandard | {{learningstandard | ||
| + | | topic = Orbital Motion and Gravity | ||
| ls = Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the | | ls = Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the | ||
solar system. | solar system. | ||
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! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question | ! style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em;" | Question | ||
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| − | | rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|August 2026]] | + | | rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|August 2026 Earth and Space Sciences Regents]] |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns|Cyclic Patterns]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns|Cyclic Patterns]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|Question 3]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|Question 3]] | ||
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Question 41]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Question 41]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|June 2026]] | + | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|June 2026 Earth and Space Sciences Regents]] |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)|The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)|The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|Question 19]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|Question 19]] | ||
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q5|Question 46]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q5|Question 46]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="5" style="background-color:white;" | [[January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|January 2026]] | + | | rowspan="5" style="background-color:white;" | [[January 2026 Earth and Space Science Exam|January 2026 Earth and Space Sciences Regents]] |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Question 19]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Question 19]] | ||
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Bennu#q4|Question 36]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Bennu#q4|Question 36]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2025 Earth and Space Science Exam|August 2025]] | + | | rowspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | [[August 2025 Earth and Space Science Exam|August 2025 Earth and Space Sciences Regents]] |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|Question 14]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|Question 14]] | ||
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|Question 34]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|Question 34]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2025 Earth and Space Science Exam|June 2025]] | + | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:white;" | [[June 2025 Earth and Space Science Exam|June 2025 Earth and Space Sciences Regents]] |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star|Our Sun – A Star]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star|Our Sun – A Star]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Question 3]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Question 3]] | ||
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| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|Question 27]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|Question 27]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Earth and Space Science Sample Questions| | + | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Earth and Space Science Sample Questions|Earth and Space Sciences sample clusters]] (Spring 2024) |
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth|The Effect of The Moon on Earth]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth|The Effect of The Moon on Earth]] | ||
| style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|Question 5]] | | style="background-color:white;" | [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|Question 5]] | ||
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== Vocabulary == | == Vocabulary == | ||
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* [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Yarkovsky Effect]] – Jan 2026 | * [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Yarkovsky Effect]] – Jan 2026 | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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| + | {{PerformanceLevel}} | ||
| + | {{PLTable | ||
| + | | Level5 = Use mathematical and computational analysis to predict the motions of orbiting bodies in the solar system and/or other parts of the universe. | ||
| + | | Level4 = Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system. | ||
| + | | Example4 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Aug 2026 · Q41]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Planetary Transits#q5|June 2026 · Q46]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q2|Aug 2025 · Q32]]</span> | ||
| + | | Level3 = Use a mathematical or a computational representation(s) to describe the motion of orbiting object(s) in the solar system. | ||
| + | | Example3 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|Aug 2026 · Q3]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Bennu#q3|Jan 2026 · Q35]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Jan 2026 · Q19]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|Aug 2025 · Q14]]</span> | ||
| + | | Level2 = Identify a correct mathematical or computational representation that describes and/or predicts the motion of orbiting object(s) in the solar system. | ||
| + | | Example2 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Bennu#q1|Jan 2026 · Q33]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q5|Aug 2025 · Q15]]</span> | ||
| + | | Level1 = Using mathematical reasoning and given data, predict the motion of an orbiting object in the solar system. | ||
| + | | Example1 = <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q4|Aug 2026 · Q4]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q3|Aug 2026 · Q40]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Planetary Transits#q2|June 2026 · Q43]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|June 2026 · Q19]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Bennu#q4|Jan 2026 · Q36]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q2|Jan 2026 · Q20]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|Aug 2025 · Q34]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|June 2025 · Q5]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|June 2025 · Q3]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q4|June 2025 · Q4]]</span> <span class="pld-chip pld-chip-ess">[[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|June 2025 · Q27]]</span> | ||
| + | }} | ||
== {{Dimensionsheading}} == | == {{Dimensionsheading}} == | ||
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| TOPIC = HS. Space Systems | | TOPIC = HS. Space Systems | ||
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Latest revision as of 09:46, 18 October 2026
Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.
Clarification statement: Emphasis is on Newtonian gravitational laws governing orbital motions, which apply to human-made satellites as well as planets and moons.
Assessment boundary: Mathematical representations for the gravitational attraction of bodies and Kepler’s Laws of orbital motions should not deal with more than two bodies, nor involve calculus.
Reference Tables
Relevant reference tables:
Regents Exam Questions
Released New York State Regents exam questions that assess HS-ESS1-4 are listed here by exam and question cluster. Each link opens the question with its answer key.
Vocabulary
Terms from the Earth & Space Science Glossary that come from this standard or from the released exam questions that assess it.
From this standard
- collision
- computational representation
- Earth
- elliptical orbits
- gravitational attraction
- human-made satellites
- Kepler's laws
- moon
- motion
- Newtonian gravity
- orbital motion
- orbiting objects
- planets
- satellites
- solar system
- universe
From released exam questions
- albedo – Jan 2026
- angular diameter – Aug 2025
- apogean spring tides – Aug 2026
- apogee – Aug 2026
- asteroids – Jan 2026
- atmosphere – June 2026
- brightness – June 2026
- carbon – Jan 2026
- celestial bodies – Jan 2026, June 2025
- dwarf planet – Jan 2026
- Earth’s orbit – Jan 2026, Aug 2025
- Earth’s rotation – Aug 2026
- eccentricity – Jan 2026, June 2025
- eclipse – Aug 2026
- extrasolar planets – June 2026
- geologic history – Aug 2026
- gravitational field strength – Aug 2025
- gravitational force – Aug 2026, Jan 2026
- growth lines – Aug 2026
- ice – Jan 2026
- infrared radiation – June 2026
- kinetic impactor – Jan 2026
- mass – Aug 2025, June 2025
- model – Aug 2026, June 2026, Jan 2026, Aug 2025, June 2025, Sample 2024
- neutron star – June 2026
- new moon – Aug 2026
- ocean – Aug 2026
- orbital period – Jan 2026, Aug 2025
- orbital speed – Aug 2026, Jan 2026, Aug 2025, June 2025
- orbital velocity – Aug 2026, June 2026, Sample 2024
- perigean spring tides – Aug 2026
- period of revolution – Jan 2026, Aug 2025, June 2025
- radiation – Jan 2026
- Saros series – Aug 2026
- solar eclipse – Aug 2026
- stars – June 2026
- supermoon – Aug 2026
- tidal bulge – Aug 2026
- tidal friction – Aug 2026
- tides – Aug 2026
- total solar eclipse – Aug 2026
- trajectory – Jan 2026
- transit – June 2026
- universal gravitational constant – Aug 2025
- visible light – June 2026
- Yarkovsky Effect – Jan 2026
Performance Level Descriptions
Every Regents exam question on HS-ESS1-4 is written to match one of the performance level descriptions (PLDs) below.
Level 1: Using mathematical reasoning and given data, predict the motion of an orbiting object in the solar system. Aug 2026 · Q4 Aug 2026 · Q40 June 2026 · Q43 June 2026 · Q19 Jan 2026 · Q36 Jan 2026 · Q20 Aug 2025 · Q34 June 2025 · Q5 June 2025 · Q3 June 2025 · Q4 June 2025 · Q27
Level 2: Identify a correct mathematical or computational representation that describes and/or predicts the motion of orbiting object(s) in the solar system. Jan 2026 · Q33 Aug 2025 · Q15
Level 3: Use a mathematical or a computational representation(s) to describe the motion of orbiting object(s) in the solar system. Aug 2026 · Q3 Jan 2026 · Q35 Jan 2026 · Q19 Aug 2025 · Q14
Level 4: Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system. Aug 2026 · Q41 June 2026 · Q46 Aug 2025 · Q32
Level 5: Use mathematical and computational analysis to predict the motions of orbiting bodies in the solar system and/or other parts of the universe.
NGSS Dimensions
Performance expectation HS-ESS1-4 was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:
Science and Engineering Practices
- Using Mathematical and Computational Thinking
- Use mathematical or computational representations of phenomena to describe explanations.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
- ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System
- Kepler’s laws describe common features of the motions of orbiting objects, including their elliptical paths around the sun. Orbits may change due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other objects in the solar system.
Crosscutting Concepts
- Scale, Proportion, and Quantity
- Algebraic thinking is used to examine scientific data and predict the effect of a change in one variable on another (e.g., linear growth vs. exponential growth).
- Interdependence of Science, Technology, and Engineering
- Science and engineering complement each other in the cycle known as research and development (R&D). Many R&D projects may involve scientists, engineers, and others with wide ranges of expertise.
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Caroline Leonard