Difference between revisions of "Physics Glossary"
From NY Science Standards Wiki
(Build the glossary: vocabulary from the standards and released exams, equations/symbols/constants, units, devices and materials, implied terms; every term linked to its source) |
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| − | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. | + | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-PS2-1]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Equations, symbols and constants|equations, symbols and constants]], [[#Units|units]], [[#Devices, instruments and materials|devices, instruments and materials]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]]. |
| − | + | ||
| − | == A == | + | == Vocabulary from the standards == |
| − | + | Terms used in the physics performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, evidence, criteria, constraint, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: [[HS-PS1-8]], [[HS-PS3-1]], [[HS-PS3-5]] and [[HS-PS4-4]] with chemistry, [[HS-ESS1-2]] with Earth and space science, and the four engineering design standards ([[HS-ETS1-1]] to [[HS-ETS1-4]]) with all four science courses. | |
| − | == B == | + | === A === |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|absorbed by matter]] | |
| − | == C == | + | * [[HS-PS2-1|acceleration]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS2-5|accuracy]] | |
| − | == D == | + | * [[HS-PS4-2|advantages]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|aesthetics]] | |
| − | == E == | + | * [[HS-PS4-1|air]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|algebraic expression]] | |
| − | == F == | + | * [[HS-PS4-1|algebraic relationships]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS2-3|algebraic representation]] | |
| − | == G == | + | * [[HS-PS1-8|alpha decay]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS4-1|amplitude]] | |
| − | == H == | + | * [[HS-PS4-2|analog]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS4-3|argument]] | |
| − | == I == | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|astronomical evidence]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|atomic nuclei]] | |
| − | == J == | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|availability of energy]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == K == | + | === B === |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS2-1|balanced forces]] | |
| − | == L == | + | * [[HS-PS4-5|band theory]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS1-8|beta decay]] | |
| − | == M == | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|bias]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS4-6|biconcave lens]] | |
| − | == N == | + | * [[HS-PS4-6|biconvex lens]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|Big Bang theory]] | |
| − | == O == | + | * [[HS-PS2-2|boundaries of a system]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS4-1|boundary]] | |
| − | == P == | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|brightness]] |
| − | < | + | |
| − | == | + | === C === |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS2-1|cause and correlation]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS2-5|cause and effect]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|change in energy]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS2-3|change in momentum]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS2-3|change in velocity]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS2-5|changing magnetic field]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|characteristic frequencies of light]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS3-5|charge]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|charged particles]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS3-5|charges of opposite polarity]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS3-6|circuit component]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS2-1|circular motion]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS2-1|claim]] | |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS4-3|claims, evidence, and reasoning]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS3-4|closed system]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-PS2-3|collision]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS4-5|communications technology]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|complex real-world problem]] |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|component of a system]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|composition of matter in the universe]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|composition of the nucleus]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|compression of a spring]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|computational model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|computer memory]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|computer simulation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|concave mirror]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|configuration]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|conservation of energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|conservation of momentum]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|constant force]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|constraints]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|conventional current]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|convex mirror]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|cosmic microwave background]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|cost]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|costs and benefits]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|Coulomb's Law]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|criteria]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|current]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|deletion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|design problem]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|design solution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|design variables]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|device]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|diffraction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|digital]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|digital information]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|digital transmission]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|digitized]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|direct current (DC)]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|direction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|disadvantages]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|displacement]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|distances from Earth]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|Doppler effect]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|effectiveness and reliability]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|efficiency]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|electric charge]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|electric circuit]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|electric current]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|electric field]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|electrical energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|electrical power]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|electrically-charged plates]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|electricity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|electromagnetic energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|electromagnetic radiation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|electrostatic force]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|emit and absorb]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|empirical evidence]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|energy cannot be created or destroyed]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy flow]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|energy input]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|energy output]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|energy released]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|energy stored due to position]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|energy stored in fields]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-5|energy stored in the field]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy transfer]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|energy transferred]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|energy transformation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|engineering]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|equilibrium]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|evidence]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|expanding universe]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|experimental data]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|falling object]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|field]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|fission]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|focal distance]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|focal length]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|football helmet]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|force]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|force of impact]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|forces at a distance]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|form of energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|frame of reference]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|frequency]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|friction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|fusion]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|galaxy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|gamma decay]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|gamma rays]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|generator]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|glass]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|global challenge]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|gravitational field]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|gravitational force]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|heat]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|heavier elements]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|image]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|image size]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|index of refraction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|initial conditions]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|initial temperature]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|interaction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|interactions within and between systems]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|interference]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|interstellar gases]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|investigation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|ionize]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === K === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|kinematics]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|kinetic energy]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|lens]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|light]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|light meter]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|light spectra]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-5|limitations of a model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|living cells]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|living tissue]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|location of an image]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|longitudinal wave]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|macroscopic bodies]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|macroscopic object]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|macroscopic scale]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|magnet]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|magnetic field]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|magnitude]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|mass]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|massive stars]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|mathematical expression]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|mathematical model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|mathematical representation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|mechanical wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|mechanism]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|medical imaging]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|medium]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|microscopic scale]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|microwaves]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|mirror]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|momentum]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|motion of distant galaxies]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|motions of particles]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|net force]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|neutron]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|new technologies]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|Newton's First Law]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|Newton's Law of Gravitation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|Newton's law of universal gravitation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|Newton's Laws of Motion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|Newton's Second Law of Motion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|Newton's Third Law]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|non-relativistic speeds]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|nuclear fusion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|nuclear process]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|nucleus of the atom]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|object]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|object sliding down a ramp]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|Ohm's Law]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|one dimension]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|ordinary matter]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|parachute]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|parallel circuit]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|particle model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|peaks and troughs]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|period]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|phase]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|photoelectric effect]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|photon]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|physical model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|physical quantities]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|pixel]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|plane mirror]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-5|polarity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|pollution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|positron decay]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|potential difference]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|potential energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|power]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|precision]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|primordial radiation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|prioritized criteria]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|projectile motion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|proposed solutions]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|proton]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|published materials]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Q === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|qualitative]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|qualitative model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|quantitative]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|quantum theory]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|radiation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|radio]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|radioactive decay]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|ray diagram]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|real image]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|receding galaxies]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|red shift]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|reflected ray]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|reflection]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|refracted ray]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|refraction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|relative energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|relative phase]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|relative position]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|reliability]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|reliable measurements]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|remnant radiation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|renewable energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|resistance]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|resonance]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|risk mitigation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|Rube Goldberg device]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|ruler and protractor]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|safety]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|scalar]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|scanner]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|schematic diagram]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|scientific theory]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|second law of thermodynamics]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|security]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|seismic wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|series circuit]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|signal]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|simple circuit]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|simulation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|social, cultural, and environmental impacts]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|solar cell]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|solar oven]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|solution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-2|sound]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|sound level meter]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|sound wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|specific heat]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|spectra of electromagnetic radiation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|speed]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|speed of waves]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|stability]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|stable state]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|standing wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|star]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-6|statistical analysis]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|storage of information]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|stored energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|sub-problems]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|supernova]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|system]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|system of objects]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|technical information]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|technological device]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|temperature]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|temperature change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|theft]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|theory]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|thermal energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|total energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-2|total momentum]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|trade-offs]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|transfer of thermal energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|transmit and capture information and energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|transverse wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-5|trials]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|type of image]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|type of wave]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|ultraviolet]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-3|unanticipated effects]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|unbalanced force]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|uncertainties]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-4|uniform energy distribution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|universe]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-8|unstable nuclei]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|vacuum]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|validity and reliability]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-4|variable]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|vector]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|vector diagram]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-1|velocity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-6|virtual image]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|water]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|wave]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|wave behavior]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-5|wave interactions with matter]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|wave model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-2|wave pulse]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-1|wavelength]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-3|waves can add or cancel]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-3|wind turbine]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|work]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === X === | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|X-rays]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Vocabulary from released exams == | ||
| + | Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster (the three sample clusters NYSED published in spring 2025 and the June 2026 exam). The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question. | ||
| + | === A === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q4|absolute value]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|absorb energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q2|acceleration due to gravity]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q5|air resistance]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|amplification]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|analog-processed sound]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|angle]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q2|at rest]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q2|attracted]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|average force]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === B === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q4|baseline]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|before and after collision]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|bits]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|boiling point]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === C === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|center of curvature]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|charge flow]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|charged parallel plates]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q4|chemical reaction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|circular path]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q4|combustion reaction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|comes to rest]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|constant resistance]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q4|constant speed]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|constructive interference]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|cooling system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q5|data points]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|deuterium]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|difference in mass]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|digital data]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|digital reproduction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|Doppler shift]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|double convex lens]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q4|draws more current]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q1|dying star]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|edge artifact]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|eject an electron]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q5|ejected material]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q3|electric field strength]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|electromagnetic spectrum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|emission spectrum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|emitted light]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|emitted radiation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|emitted ray]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|energy bar graph]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|energy level]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|engineering design solution]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|equivalent resistance]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|excited electron]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|filament]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|flowchart]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|focal point]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|force diagram]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|formation of atoms]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|fossil fuels]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q2|fractional amount of energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q2|free fall]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|geothermal power plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|gravitational potential energy]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|health effects]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|heat source]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|helium nucleus]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q2|horizontal distance]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|horizontal force]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|horizontal speed]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|image distance]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q4|image height]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q5|impact]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|impact force]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|incident ray]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|infrared]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q3|initial vertical velocity]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q5|input variables]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|internal energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|inversely proportional]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|inverted image]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|ionization energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|ionizing radiation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === J === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|justification]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === K === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q2|kinetic energy transfer]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|laser]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q1|law of conservation of momentum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|light energy]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|light output]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|light ray]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|lowest point]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|mass is converted to energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|maximum acceleration]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|maximum height]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q4|maximum net force]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|maximum speed]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q3|mechanical energy]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|melting point]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q2|memory storage]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|Millikan oil drop experiment]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q4|mirror image]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q4|momentum vector]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q2|negatively charged]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|neglect air resistance]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|neglect friction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|net electric field pattern]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q2|neutral]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|normal (to a surface)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q2|normal force]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|nuclear power plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|object distance]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q4|object height]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|observer]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|oppositely charged]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|optically denser]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|orientation]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|pendulum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|photon energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|physical medium]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|physical state]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q2|positively charged]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|power plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|principal axis]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|principal ray]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q2|processing speed]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|proportional]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|radio/microwave frequency region]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q2|ratio of energy output to energy input]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q5|rebound]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|reflected light]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|reflected pulse]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|refute]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|relative motion]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q4|relative sound pressure]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|release point]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q2|repelled]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|rotational energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|safety equipment]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|safety procedures]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|sampling]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q5|sampling rate]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q4|sampling time]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q4|scale (of a model)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|scientific reasoning]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|significant digits]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|solar power plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|specific heat capacity]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|spectral line]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|speed at impact]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|speed of light]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|speed of sound]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|steam]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|stimulated emission]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|support (a claim)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|suspended motionless]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|test dummy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|thermoelectric power plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|time in air]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|time interval]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|total current]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q4|trial]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q1|types of energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|ultrasound]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|upright image]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|velocity component]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q5|vertical acceleration]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q5|vertical motion]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q5|vertical velocity]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|visible light]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|voltage]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q3|wave motion]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|wave phenomenon]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Equations, symbols and constants == | ||
| + | The standards name laws (Newton's laws, Coulomb's law, Ohm's law, the second law of thermodynamics) but no equations or symbols. These are the mathematical relationships, symbols and constant values that the released questions and their scoring rubrics use; each links to the question it comes from. Students are expected to bring the relationships themselves: three rubrics note that no credit is given for a response that "only gives the mathematical relationship". | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Equations === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|''F<sub>net</sub>'' = ''ma'' (Newton's second law)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|''a'' = Δ''v''/''t'']] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|''mgh''<sub>1</sub> = ''mgh''<sub>2</sub> + ''PE<sub>s</sub>''<sub>2</sub> (gravitational potential energy as ''mgh'')]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|(''PE<sub>g</sub>'' + ''PE<sub>s</sub>'' + ''KE'')<sub>1</sub> = (''PE<sub>g</sub>'' + ''PE<sub>s</sub>'' + ''KE'')<sub>2</sub> (conservation of mechanical energy)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|''PE<sub>s</sub>'' = −Δ''PE<sub>g</sub>'']] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q2|''v<sub>f</sub>'' = √(2''gh'')]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|''p'' = ''mv'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|''m<sub>A</sub>v<sub>A</sub>'' + ''m<sub>D</sub>v<sub>D</sub>'' = ''m<sub>A</sub>v′<sub>A</sub>'' + ''m<sub>D</sub>v′<sub>D</sub>'' (conservation of momentum)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|Δ''p''<sub>1</sub> = −Δ''p''<sub>2</sub> and ''m''<sub>1</sub>Δ''v''<sub>1</sub> = −''m''<sub>2</sub>Δ''v''<sub>2</sub>]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|(''m''<sub>head</sub> + ''m''<sub>helmet</sub>)''v'' / ''F'' = ''t'' (time interval from change in momentum and average force)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|''v'' = ''fλ'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|''E<sub>photon</sub>'' = ''hf'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|''n'' = ''c''/''v'' and ''n''<sub>2</sub>/''n''<sub>1</sub> = ''v''<sub>1</sub>/''v''<sub>2</sub>]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|''V'' = ''IR'' (Ohm's law)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|<sup>2</sup><sub>1</sub>H + <sup>2</sup><sub>1</sub>H → <sup>4</sup><sub>2</sub>He + 3.66 × 10<sup>−12</sup> J (nuclear fusion equation)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q4|2C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub> + 25O<sub>2</sub> → 18H<sub>2</sub>O + 16CO<sub>2</sub> + energy (combustion of octane)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Symbols === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q2|''F<sub>N</sub>'' (normal force) and ''F<sub>g</sub>'' (gravitational force)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|''F<sub>cables</sub>'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q4|''F<sub>net</sub>'' (net force)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|''F<sub>e</sub>'' (electrostatic force)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|''KE'', ''PE'', ''E<sub>T</sub>'' (total energy) and ''E<sub>other</sub>'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q3|''PE<sub>g</sub>'' and ''PE<sub>s</sub>'' (gravitational and spring potential energy)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q5|''v'', ''a'' and ''t'' (velocity, acceleration, time)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|''h'' (height)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|''m'' (mass) and ''p'' (momentum)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|''f'' (frequency) and ''λ'' (wavelength)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q2|''n'' (index of refraction) and ''c'' (speed of light)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|''V'', ''I'' and ''R'' (potential difference, current, resistance)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|''F'' (focal point) and ''C'' (center of curvature)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|2''F'' (twice the focal length)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|''E<sub>photon</sub>'']] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Constants and given values === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q4|''g'' = 9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup>, the acceleration due to gravity (the rubrics use both 9.81 and 9.8)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|''h'' = 6.63 × 10<sup>−34</sup> J·s (used in ''E'' = ''hf''; the exams never name it)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|speed of sound in human tissue (1550–4080 m/s, from a data table)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|specific heat capacity of water, 4.2 J/g·°C]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Units == | ||
| + | Units and notation used in the released exams (the standards use none). | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|kilogram (kg)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|meter (m)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|joule (J)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q4|centimeter (cm)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|degree (°) for angles]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|second (s)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|meters per second (m/s)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|meters per second squared (m/s<sup>2</sup>)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|newton (N)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|hertz (Hz)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|joules per gram-degree Celsius (J/g·°C)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q2|percent (%)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|volt (V)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|ampere (A)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|gram (g)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|degree Celsius (°C)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|light-year]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|gigahertz (GHz)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q3|ohm (Ω)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|watt (W)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q3|kilogram-meters per second (kg·m/s)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|coulomb (C)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|newtons per coulomb (N/C)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|scientific notation (for example 1.43 × 10<sup>14</sup> Hz)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Devices, instruments and materials == | ||
| + | The apparatus, technologies and substances the standards and exam clusters are built around, grouped by source so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Devices and instruments === | ||
| + | * '''From the standards''': [[HS-PS2-3|football helmet]], [[HS-PS2-3|parachute]], [[HS-PS2-4|magnet]], [[HS-PS3-3|Rube Goldberg device]], [[HS-PS3-3|wind turbine]], [[HS-PS3-3|solar cell]], [[HS-PS3-3|sound level meter]], [[HS-PS3-3|light meter]], [[HS-PS3-3|solar oven]], [[HS-PS3-3|generator]], [[HS-PS3-1|spring]], [[HS-PS3-2|electrically-charged plates]], [[HS-PS4-1|ruler and protractor]], [[HS-PS4-5|scanner]], [[HS-PS4-5|medical imaging]], [[HS-PS4-5|communications technology]], [[HS-ETS1-4|computer]], [[HS-PS4-6|lens]], [[HS-PS4-6|mirror]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Sample clusters (Spring 2025) ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping|Bungee Jumping]]''': [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|elevator]], [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q1|jumping platform]], [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q3|bungee cord]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics|Automotive Optics]]''': [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|bulb]], [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q1|headlight]], [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|protractor and straightedge]], [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|rearview mirror]], [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q3|passenger side mirror]], [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q5|inset mirror]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps|World Record Jumps]]''': [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|runway]], [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|sand pit]], [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q1|takeoff board]], [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q3|horizontal bar]], [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q5|mat]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Pendulum Motion|Pendulum Motion]]''': [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q1|pendulum]], [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|cables]], [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|launch tower]], [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q4|cell phone]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal|Kidney Stone Detection and Removal]]''': [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|medical devices]], [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|ultrasound machine]], [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|ultrasound probe]], [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|holmium, neodymium and pulsed dye lasers]], [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q4|laser]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Heat Exchange|Heat Exchange]]''': [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|condenser]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|electrical generator]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|propellers]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|steam generator]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|turbine]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|string (to lower a sample)]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q3|tub of water]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|heating coil]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|insulated container]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|temperature probe]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets|Motorcycle Helmets]]''': [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|chin strap]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|face shield]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|impact absorbing foam]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|motorcycle helmet]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|rigid outer shell]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|acceleration sensor]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|force sensor]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|test dummy]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion|Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion]]''': [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|gas emission tube]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Cell Phone|The Cell Phone]]''': [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|camera assembly]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|LED light]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|light sensor]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|main, wide-angle and telephoto lenses]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q1|proximity sensor]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|infrared camera]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|laser light emitter]], [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q3|photoreceptor]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Flashlight Physics|Flashlight Physics]]''': [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|battery]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|flashlight]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|incandescent lamp]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|lamp]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|metal strip]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|switch]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|tungsten filament]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|diodes]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|incandescent bulb]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|LED bulb]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova|From Astro Blaster to Supernova]]''': [[Questions:From Astro Blaster to Supernova#q1|Astro Blaster]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Voice Recognition Software|Voice Recognition Software]]''': [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|DVDs, CDs and flash drives]], [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|microphone]], [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q1|vinyl records and audio tapes]], [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q3|computer]], [[Questions:Voice Recognition Software#q3|tuning fork]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Charged Drops|Charged Drops]]''': [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|charged parallel plates]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|inkjet printer]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|charging electrode]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|deflection plates]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|gutter]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|nozzle]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|print head]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Materials and substances === | ||
| + | * '''From the standards''': [[HS-PS4-1|glass]], [[HS-PS4-1|air]], [[HS-PS4-1|water]], [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]], [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]], [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]], [[HS-ESS1-2|interstellar gases]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal|Kidney Stone Detection and Removal]]''': [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q1|minerals and salts (kidney stones)]], [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q2|human tissue: blood, bone, kidney, liver and muscle]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Heat Exchange|Heat Exchange]]''': [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|enriched uranium]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q1|fossil fuels, biomass and waste]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q2|natural gas, oil and nuclear (power plant fuels)]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|ethylene glycol]], [[Questions:Heat Exchange#q4|water]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets|Motorcycle Helmets]]''': [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q1|foam]], [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q6|polystyrene, polyfoam, double polystyrene and dense polystyrene]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion|Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion]]''': [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q1|hydrogen gas]], [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|deuterium]], [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q4|octane (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>) and gasoline]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Cell Phone|The Cell Phone]]''': [[Questions:The Cell Phone#q5|oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and calcium (elements in the human body)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Flashlight Physics|Flashlight Physics]]''': [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q1|tungsten]], [[Questions:Flashlight Physics#q5|heavy metals such as lead]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Charged Drops|Charged Drops]]''': [[Questions:Charged Drops#q1|oil drops]], [[Questions:Charged Drops#q4|ink]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Implied terms == | ||
| + | These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: [[HS-PS1-8]] "does not include quantitative calculation of energy released" and is "limited to alpha, beta, positron, and gamma radioactive decays"; [[HS-PS2-1]] is "limited to macroscopic objects moving at non-relativistic speeds"; [[HS-PS2-2]] is "limited to systems of two macroscopic bodies moving in one dimension"; [[HS-PS2-4]] and [[HS-PS3-5]] are each limited to systems of two objects; [[HS-PS3-6]] is "limited to direct current (DC) circuits"; [[HS-PS4-3]] limits the photoelectric effect "to qualitative descriptions"; [[HS-PS4-5]] does "not include band theory"; and [[HS-PS4-6]] is "limited to analysis of plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and biconvex and biconcave lenses". | ||
| + | * '''centripetal force''' – [[HS-PS2-1]] lists "an object moving in a circular motion" among objects subject to a net unbalanced force, and the [[Questions:Pendulum Motion#q3|June 2026 Pendulum Motion]] cluster credits the force diagram in which the cable force and gravity are unbalanced as the riders swing along a circular path; the word centripetal is never used. | ||
| + | * '''elastic (spring) potential energy''' – [[HS-PS3-1]] cites the "compression of a spring" as stored energy, and the [[Questions:Sampler Bungee Jumping#q3|Sample 2025 Bungee Jumping]] cluster labels it ''PE<sub>s</sub>'' beside ''PE<sub>g</sub>'' and ''KE'' without spelling the name out. | ||
| + | * '''electric potential energy''' – [[HS-PS3-2]]: "the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates"; [[HS-PS3-5]]: "the energy stored in the field is changed" when two objects interacting through a field change relative position. | ||
| + | * '''electromagnetic induction''' – [[HS-PS2-5]]: "a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current". The wiki page is titled Electromagnetism; NYSED names neither term. | ||
| + | * '''impulse''' – [[HS-PS2-3]] asks how a device "affects the force, time, change in momentum, and/or change in velocity" of an object during a collision, and the [[Questions:Motorcycle Helmets#q3|June 2026 Motorcycle Helmets]] cluster credits dividing the change in momentum by the average force to find the time interval; neither uses the word impulse. | ||
| + | * '''inertia''' – [[HS-PS2-1]] names "objects in equilibrium (Newton's First Law)" and its performance levels describe "an object acted upon by balanced forces"; the [[Questions:Sampler World Record Jumps#q4|Sample 2025 World Record Jumps]] cluster asks which claim correctly pairs balanced or unbalanced forces with constant or changing speed. Inertia itself is never named. | ||
| + | * '''isotope''' – [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|June 2026 Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion]] writes deuterium as <sup>2</sup><sub>1</sub>H and calls it "a form of hydrogen". | ||
| + | * '''law of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection)''' – [[HS-PS4-1]] has students "construct the reflected and/or refracted ray(s)" with a ruler and protractor; the [[Questions:Sampler Automotive Optics#q2|Sample 2025 Automotive Optics]] rubric credits an incident ray drawn at a "29° ±2° angle drawn from the normal", the same angle as the reflected ray shown, without naming the law. | ||
| + | * '''mass–energy equivalence (''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>)''' – [[Questions:Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion#q3|June 2026 Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion]] asks students to "support the claim that mass is converted to energy" in a fusion model. Note that [[HS-PS1-8]] "does not include quantitative calculation of energy released". | ||
| + | * '''Planck's constant''' – the [[Questions:Kidney Stone Detection and Removal#q5|June 2026 Kidney Stone Detection and Removal]] rubric uses ''E<sub>photon</sub>'' = ''hf'' with ''h'' = 6.63 × 10<sup>−34</sup> without naming the constant. | ||
| + | * '''Snell's law''' – [[HS-PS4-1]] says students "determine the index of refraction" and use "mathematical relationships" to construct refracted rays; the relationship is never named. | ||
| + | * '''thermal equilibrium''' – [[HS-PS3-4]]: combining components of different temperature in a closed system "results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components". | ||
| + | * '''wave–particle duality''' – [[HS-PS4-3]]: electromagnetic radiation "can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory)". The wiki page is titled Wave-Particle Duality; NYSED does not use the phrase. | ||
| + | |||
{{Pagecontributors}} | {{Pagecontributors}} | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
Latest revision as of 00:11, 26 September 2026
This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example HS-PS2-1) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: vocabulary from the standards, vocabulary from released exams, equations, symbols and constants, units, devices, instruments and materials, and terms the standards and exams point to without naming.
Vocabulary from the standards
Terms used in the physics performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, evidence, criteria, constraint, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-5 and HS-PS4-4 with chemistry, HS-ESS1-2 with Earth and space science, and the four engineering design standards (HS-ETS1-1 to HS-ETS1-4) with all four science courses.
A
- absorbed by matter
- acceleration
- accuracy
- advantages
- aesthetics
- air
- algebraic expression
- algebraic relationships
- algebraic representation
- alpha decay
- amplitude
- analog
- argument
- astronomical evidence
- atomic nuclei
- availability of energy
B
- balanced forces
- band theory
- beta decay
- bias
- biconcave lens
- biconvex lens
- Big Bang theory
- boundaries of a system
- boundary
- brightness
C
- cause and correlation
- cause and effect
- change in energy
- change in momentum
- change in velocity
- changing magnetic field
- characteristic frequencies of light
- charge
- charged particles
- charges of opposite polarity
- circuit component
- circular motion
- claim
- claims, evidence, and reasoning
- closed system
- collision
- communications technology
- complex real-world problem
- component of a system
- composition of matter in the universe
- composition of the nucleus
- compression of a spring
- computational model
- computer memory
- computer simulation
- concave mirror
- configuration
- conservation of energy
- conservation of momentum
- constant force
- constraints
- conventional current
- conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy
- convex mirror
- cosmic microwave background
- cost
- costs and benefits
- Coulomb's Law
- criteria
- current
D
- deletion
- design problem
- design solution
- design variables
- device
- diffraction
- digital
- digital information
- digital transmission
- digitized
- direct current (DC)
- direction
- disadvantages
- displacement
- distances from Earth
- Doppler effect
E
- effectiveness and reliability
- efficiency
- electric charge
- electric circuit
- electric current
- electric field
- electrical energy
- electrical power
- electrically-charged plates
- electricity
- electromagnetic energy
- electromagnetic radiation
- electrostatic force
- emit and absorb
- empirical evidence
- energy
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- energy flow
- energy input
- energy output
- energy released
- energy stored due to position
- energy stored in fields
- energy stored in the field
- energy transfer
- energy transferred
- energy transformation
- engineering
- equilibrium
- evidence
- expanding universe
- experimental data
F
- falling object
- field
- fission
- focal distance
- focal length
- football helmet
- force
- force of impact
- forces at a distance
- form of energy
- frame of reference
- frequency
- friction
- fusion
G
- galaxy
- gamma decay
- gamma rays
- generator
- glass
- global challenge
- gravitational field
- gravitational force
H
I
- image
- image size
- index of refraction
- initial conditions
- initial temperature
- interaction
- interactions within and between systems
- interference
- interstellar gases
- investigation
- ionize
- iron
K
L
- lens
- light
- light meter
- light spectra
- limitations of a model
- living cells
- living tissue
- location of an image
- longitudinal wave
M
- macroscopic bodies
- macroscopic object
- macroscopic scale
- magnet
- magnetic field
- magnitude
- mass
- massive stars
- mathematical expression
- mathematical model
- mathematical representation
- mechanical wave
- mechanism
- medical imaging
- medium
- microscopic scale
- microwaves
- mirror
- momentum
- motion of distant galaxies
- motions of particles
N
- net force
- neutron
- new technologies
- Newton's First Law
- Newton's Law of Gravitation
- Newton's law of universal gravitation
- Newton's Laws of Motion
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law
- non-relativistic speeds
- nuclear fusion
- nuclear process
- nucleus of the atom
O
P
- parachute
- parallel circuit
- particle model
- peaks and troughs
- period
- phase
- photoelectric effect
- photon
- physical model
- physical quantities
- pixel
- plane mirror
- polarity
- pollution
- positron decay
- potential difference
- potential energy
- power
- precision
- primordial radiation
- prioritized criteria
- projectile motion
- proposed solutions
- proton
- published materials
Q
R
- radiation
- radio
- radioactive decay
- ray diagram
- real image
- receding galaxies
- red shift
- reflected ray
- reflection
- refracted ray
- refraction
- relative energy
- relative phase
- relative position
- reliability
- reliable measurements
- remnant radiation
- renewable energy
- resistance
- resonance
- risk mitigation
- Rube Goldberg device
- ruler and protractor
S
- safety
- scalar
- scanner
- schematic diagram
- scientific theory
- second law of thermodynamics
- security
- seismic wave
- series circuit
- signal
- simple circuit
- simulation
- social, cultural, and environmental impacts
- societal needs and wants
- solar cell
- solar oven
- solution
- sound
- sound level meter
- sound wave
- specific heat
- spectra of electromagnetic radiation
- speed
- speed of waves
- stability
- stable state
- standing wave
- star
- statistical analysis
- storage of information
- stored energy
- sub-problems
- supernova
- system
- system of objects
T
- technical information
- technological device
- temperature
- temperature change
- theft
- theory
- thermal energy
- total energy
- total momentum
- trade-offs
- transfer of thermal energy
- transmit and capture information and energy
- transverse wave
- trials
- type of image
- type of wave
U
- ultraviolet
- unanticipated effects
- unbalanced force
- uncertainties
- uniform energy distribution
- universe
- unstable nuclei
V
W
- water
- wave
- wave behavior
- wave interactions with matter
- wave model
- wave pulse
- wavelength
- waves can add or cancel
- wind turbine
- work
X
Vocabulary from released exams
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster (the three sample clusters NYSED published in spring 2025 and the June 2026 exam). The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question.
A
- absolute value – Sample 2025
- absorb energy – June 2026
- acceleration due to gravity – June 2026
- air resistance – Sample 2025
- amplification – June 2026
- analog-processed sound – June 2026
- angle – Sample 2025
- at rest – Sample 2025
- attracted – June 2026
- average force – June 2026
B
- baseline – June 2026
- before and after collision – June 2026
- bits – June 2026
- boiling point – June 2026
C
- center of curvature – Sample 2025
- charge flow – June 2026
- charged parallel plates – June 2026
- chemical reaction – June 2026
- circular path – June 2026
- combustion reaction – June 2026
- comes to rest – June 2026
- constant resistance – June 2026
- constant speed – Sample 2025
- constructive interference – June 2026
- cooling system – June 2026
D
- data points – June 2026
- deuterium – June 2026
- difference in mass – June 2026
- digital data – June 2026
- digital reproduction – June 2026
- Doppler shift – June 2026
- double convex lens – June 2026
- draws more current – June 2026
- dying star – June 2026
E
- edge artifact – June 2026
- eject an electron – June 2026
- ejected material – June 2026
- electric field strength – June 2026
- electromagnetic spectrum – June 2026
- emission spectrum – June 2026
- emitted light – Sample 2025
- emitted radiation – June 2026
- emitted ray – June 2026
- energy bar graph – June 2026
- energy level – June 2026
- engineering design solution – June 2026
- equivalent resistance – June 2026
- excited electron – June 2026
F
- filament – June 2026
- flowchart – June 2026
- focal point – Sample 2025
- force diagram – June 2026
- formation of atoms – June 2026
- fossil fuels – June 2026
- fractional amount of energy – June 2026
- free fall – June 2026
G
- geothermal power plant – June 2026
- gravitational potential energy – Sample 2025
H
- health effects – June 2026
- heat source – June 2026
- helium nucleus – June 2026
- horizontal distance – Sample 2025
- horizontal force – Sample 2025
- horizontal speed – Sample 2025
I
- image distance – Sample 2025
- image height – Sample 2025
- impact – Sample 2025
- impact force – June 2026
- incident ray – Sample 2025
- infrared – June 2026
- initial vertical velocity – Sample 2025
- input variables – June 2026
- internal energy – June 2026
- inversely proportional – June 2026
- inverted image – June 2026
- ionization energy – June 2026
- ionizing radiation – June 2026
J
- justification – June 2026
K
- kinetic energy transfer – June 2026
L
- laser – June 2026
- law of conservation of momentum – June 2026
- light energy – Sample 2025
- light output – June 2026
- light ray – Sample 2025
- lowest point – Sample 2025
M
- mass is converted to energy – June 2026
- maximum acceleration – June 2026
- maximum height – June 2026
- maximum net force – June 2026
- maximum speed – June 2026
- mechanical energy – Sample 2025
- melting point – June 2026
- memory storage – June 2026
- Millikan oil drop experiment – June 2026
- mirror image – June 2026
- momentum vector – June 2026
N
- negatively charged – June 2026
- neglect air resistance – June 2026
- neglect friction – June 2026
- net electric field pattern – June 2026
- neutral – June 2026
- normal (to a surface) – Sample 2025
- normal force – Sample 2025
- nuclear power plant – June 2026
O
- object distance – Sample 2025
- object height – Sample 2025
- observer – Sample 2025
- oppositely charged – June 2026
- optically denser – June 2026
- orientation – Sample 2025
P
- pendulum – June 2026
- photon energy – June 2026
- physical medium – June 2026
- physical state – June 2026
- positively charged – June 2026
- power plant – June 2026
- principal axis – Sample 2025
- principal ray – June 2026
- processing speed – June 2026
- proportional – June 2026
R
- radio/microwave frequency region – June 2026
- ratio of energy output to energy input – June 2026
- rebound – Sample 2025
- reflected light – June 2026
- reflected pulse – June 2026
- refute – Sample 2025
- relative motion – June 2026
- relative sound pressure – June 2026
- release point – June 2026
- repelled – June 2026
- rotational energy – June 2026
S
- safety equipment – June 2026
- safety procedures – June 2026
- sampling – June 2026
- sampling rate – June 2026
- sampling time – June 2026
- scale (of a model) – June 2026
- scientific reasoning – June 2026
- significant digits – June 2026
- solar power plant – June 2026
- specific heat capacity – June 2026
- spectral line – June 2026
- speed at impact – June 2026
- speed of light – June 2026
- speed of sound – June 2026
- steam – June 2026
- stimulated emission – June 2026
- support (a claim) – Sample 2025
- suspended motionless – June 2026
T
- test dummy – June 2026
- thermoelectric power plant – June 2026
- time in air – Sample 2025
- time interval – June 2026
- total current – June 2026
- trial – Sample 2025
- types of energy – June 2026
U
- ultrasound – June 2026
- upright image – Sample 2025
V
- velocity component – Sample 2025
- vertical acceleration – June 2026
- vertical motion – June 2026
- vertical velocity – June 2026
- visible light – June 2026
- voltage – June 2026
W
- wave motion – June 2026
- wave phenomenon – June 2026
Equations, symbols and constants
The standards name laws (Newton's laws, Coulomb's law, Ohm's law, the second law of thermodynamics) but no equations or symbols. These are the mathematical relationships, symbols and constant values that the released questions and their scoring rubrics use; each links to the question it comes from. Students are expected to bring the relationships themselves: three rubrics note that no credit is given for a response that "only gives the mathematical relationship".
Equations
- Fnet = ma (Newton's second law) – Sample 2025
- a = Δv/t – Sample 2025
- mgh1 = mgh2 + PEs2 (gravitational potential energy as mgh) – Sample 2025
- (PEg + PEs + KE)1 = (PEg + PEs + KE)2 (conservation of mechanical energy) – Sample 2025
- PEs = −ΔPEg – Sample 2025
- vf = √(2gh) – June 2026
- p = mv – June 2026
- mAvA + mDvD = mAv′A + mDv′D (conservation of momentum) – June 2026
- Δp1 = −Δp2 and m1Δv1 = −m2Δv2 – June 2026
- (mhead + mhelmet)v / F = t (time interval from change in momentum and average force) – June 2026
- v = fλ – June 2026
- Ephoton = hf – June 2026
- n = c/v and n2/n1 = v1/v2 – June 2026
- V = IR (Ohm's law) – June 2026
- 21H + 21H → 42He + 3.66 × 10−12 J (nuclear fusion equation) – June 2026
- 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 18H2O + 16CO2 + energy (combustion of octane) – June 2026
Symbols
- FN (normal force) and Fg (gravitational force) – Sample 2025
- Fcables – June 2026
- Fnet (net force) – June 2026
- Fe (electrostatic force) – June 2026
- KE, PE, ET (total energy) and Eother – June 2026
- PEg and PEs (gravitational and spring potential energy) – Sample 2025
- v, a and t (velocity, acceleration, time) – June 2026
- h (height) – June 2026
- m (mass) and p (momentum) – June 2026
- f (frequency) and λ (wavelength) – June 2026
- n (index of refraction) and c (speed of light) – June 2026
- V, I and R (potential difference, current, resistance) – June 2026
- F (focal point) and C (center of curvature) – Sample 2025
- 2F (twice the focal length) – June 2026
- Ephoton – June 2026
Constants and given values
- g = 9.81 m/s2, the acceleration due to gravity (the rubrics use both 9.81 and 9.8) – Sample 2025
- h = 6.63 × 10−34 J·s (used in E = hf; the exams never name it) – June 2026
- speed of sound in human tissue (1550–4080 m/s, from a data table) – June 2026
- specific heat capacity of water, 4.2 J/g·°C – June 2026
Units
Units and notation used in the released exams (the standards use none).
- kilogram (kg) – Sample 2025
- meter (m) – Sample 2025
- joule (J) – Sample 2025
- centimeter (cm) – Sample 2025
- degree (°) for angles – Sample 2025
- second (s) – Sample 2025
- meters per second (m/s) – Sample 2025
- meters per second squared (m/s2) – Sample 2025
- newton (N) – Sample 2025
- hertz (Hz) – June 2026
- joules per gram-degree Celsius (J/g·°C) – June 2026
- percent (%) – June 2026
- volt (V) – June 2026
- ampere (A) – June 2026
- gram (g) – June 2026
- degree Celsius (°C) – June 2026
- light-year – June 2026
- gigahertz (GHz) – June 2026
- ohm (Ω) – June 2026
- watt (W) – June 2026
- kilogram-meters per second (kg·m/s) – June 2026
- coulomb (C) – June 2026
- newtons per coulomb (N/C) – June 2026
- scientific notation (for example 1.43 × 1014 Hz) – June 2026
Devices, instruments and materials
The apparatus, technologies and substances the standards and exam clusters are built around, grouped by source so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about.
Devices and instruments
- From the standards: football helmet, parachute, magnet, Rube Goldberg device, wind turbine, solar cell, sound level meter, light meter, solar oven, generator, spring, electrically-charged plates, ruler and protractor, scanner, medical imaging, communications technology, computer, lens, mirror
Sample clusters (Spring 2025)
- Bungee Jumping: elevator, jumping platform, bungee cord
- Automotive Optics: bulb, headlight, protractor and straightedge, rearview mirror, passenger side mirror, inset mirror
- World Record Jumps: runway, sand pit, takeoff board, horizontal bar, mat
June 2026 exam
- Pendulum Motion: pendulum, cables, launch tower, cell phone
- Kidney Stone Detection and Removal: medical devices, ultrasound machine, ultrasound probe, holmium, neodymium and pulsed dye lasers, laser
- Heat Exchange: condenser, electrical generator, propellers, steam generator, turbine, string (to lower a sample), tub of water, heating coil, insulated container, temperature probe
- Motorcycle Helmets: chin strap, face shield, impact absorbing foam, motorcycle helmet, rigid outer shell, acceleration sensor, force sensor, test dummy
- Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion: gas emission tube
- The Cell Phone: camera assembly, LED light, light sensor, main, wide-angle and telephoto lenses, proximity sensor, infrared camera, laser light emitter, photoreceptor
- Flashlight Physics: battery, flashlight, incandescent lamp, lamp, metal strip, switch, tungsten filament, diodes, incandescent bulb, LED bulb
- From Astro Blaster to Supernova: Astro Blaster
- Voice Recognition Software: DVDs, CDs and flash drives, microphone, vinyl records and audio tapes, computer, tuning fork
- Charged Drops: charged parallel plates, inkjet printer, charging electrode, deflection plates, gutter, nozzle, print head
Materials and substances
June 2026 exam
- Kidney Stone Detection and Removal: minerals and salts (kidney stones), human tissue: blood, bone, kidney, liver and muscle
- Heat Exchange: enriched uranium, fossil fuels, biomass and waste, natural gas, oil and nuclear (power plant fuels), ethylene glycol, water
- Motorcycle Helmets: foam, polystyrene, polyfoam, double polystyrene and dense polystyrene
- Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion: hydrogen gas, deuterium, octane (C8H18) and gasoline
- The Cell Phone: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and calcium (elements in the human body)
- Flashlight Physics: tungsten, heavy metals such as lead
- Charged Drops: oil drops, ink
Implied terms
These terms are not named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: HS-PS1-8 "does not include quantitative calculation of energy released" and is "limited to alpha, beta, positron, and gamma radioactive decays"; HS-PS2-1 is "limited to macroscopic objects moving at non-relativistic speeds"; HS-PS2-2 is "limited to systems of two macroscopic bodies moving in one dimension"; HS-PS2-4 and HS-PS3-5 are each limited to systems of two objects; HS-PS3-6 is "limited to direct current (DC) circuits"; HS-PS4-3 limits the photoelectric effect "to qualitative descriptions"; HS-PS4-5 does "not include band theory"; and HS-PS4-6 is "limited to analysis of plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and biconvex and biconcave lenses".
- centripetal force – HS-PS2-1 lists "an object moving in a circular motion" among objects subject to a net unbalanced force, and the June 2026 Pendulum Motion cluster credits the force diagram in which the cable force and gravity are unbalanced as the riders swing along a circular path; the word centripetal is never used.
- elastic (spring) potential energy – HS-PS3-1 cites the "compression of a spring" as stored energy, and the Sample 2025 Bungee Jumping cluster labels it PEs beside PEg and KE without spelling the name out.
- electric potential energy – HS-PS3-2: "the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates"; HS-PS3-5: "the energy stored in the field is changed" when two objects interacting through a field change relative position.
- electromagnetic induction – HS-PS2-5: "a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current". The wiki page is titled Electromagnetism; NYSED names neither term.
- impulse – HS-PS2-3 asks how a device "affects the force, time, change in momentum, and/or change in velocity" of an object during a collision, and the June 2026 Motorcycle Helmets cluster credits dividing the change in momentum by the average force to find the time interval; neither uses the word impulse.
- inertia – HS-PS2-1 names "objects in equilibrium (Newton's First Law)" and its performance levels describe "an object acted upon by balanced forces"; the Sample 2025 World Record Jumps cluster asks which claim correctly pairs balanced or unbalanced forces with constant or changing speed. Inertia itself is never named.
- isotope – June 2026 Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion writes deuterium as 21H and calls it "a form of hydrogen".
- law of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) – HS-PS4-1 has students "construct the reflected and/or refracted ray(s)" with a ruler and protractor; the Sample 2025 Automotive Optics rubric credits an incident ray drawn at a "29° ±2° angle drawn from the normal", the same angle as the reflected ray shown, without naming the law.
- mass–energy equivalence (E = mc2) – June 2026 Emission Spectra and Nuclear Fusion asks students to "support the claim that mass is converted to energy" in a fusion model. Note that HS-PS1-8 "does not include quantitative calculation of energy released".
- Planck's constant – the June 2026 Kidney Stone Detection and Removal rubric uses Ephoton = hf with h = 6.63 × 10−34 without naming the constant.
- Snell's law – HS-PS4-1 says students "determine the index of refraction" and use "mathematical relationships" to construct refracted rays; the relationship is never named.
- thermal equilibrium – HS-PS3-4: combining components of different temperature in a closed system "results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components".
- wave–particle duality – HS-PS4-3: electromagnetic radiation "can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory)". The wiki page is titled Wave-Particle Duality; NYSED does not use the phrase.
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Shirley Shameen