Difference between revisions of "Biology Glossary"
From NY Science Standards Wiki
(Rebuild: vocabulary from standards and released exams, cells/organs/systems, organisms, molecules and genes, units, implied terms; relinked existing entries) |
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| − | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. | + | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-LS1-5]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Cells, tissues, organs and body systems|cells, tissues, organs and body systems]], [[#Organisms named in the exams|organisms named in the exams]], [[#Molecules, substances and genes|molecules, substances and genes]], [[#Units|units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]]. |
| − | == A == | + | |
| − | * [[HS- | + | == Vocabulary from the standards == |
| − | * [[ | + | Terms used in the biology performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, argument, criteria, constraint, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way. |
| − | * [[ | + | === A === |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-1|abiotic factors]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|abnormal cell division]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-1|abundance]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-4|acidity]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-4|adaptation]] | * [[HS-LS4-4|adaptation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-3|advantageous heritable trait]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-3|aerobic respiration]] | * [[HS-LS2-3|aerobic respiration]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS2-4|algae]] |
* [[HS-LS1-6|amino acid]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|amino acid]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-1|amino acid sequence]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-3|anaerobic respiration]] | * [[HS-LS2-3|anaerobic respiration]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-1|anatomical structure]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|anthropogenic changes]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|anthropogenic changes]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS1-2|antibiotic]] |
| − | * [[HS-LS1- | + | * [[HS-LS1-1|antibody]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|argument]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|atmosphere]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|atmosphere]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-7|ATP]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|ATP]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-2|average]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === B === | |
| − | == B == | + | * [[HS-LS4-2|behavior]] |
| − | * [[HS- | ||
* [[HS-LS2-2|biodiversity]] | * [[HS-LS2-2|biodiversity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|biogeochemical cycles]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|biomass]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|biomass]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|biosphere]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|biosphere]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS3-2|biotechnology]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-1|biotic factors]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|blood]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|body system]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|bond breaking]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|bond breaking]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|bond forming]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|bond forming]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == C == | + | === C === |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS1-4|cancer]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-6|carbon]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|carbon]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS2-5|carbon cycle]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon dioxide concentration]] |
* [[HS-LS1-6|carbon-based molecule]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|carbon-based molecule]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-1|carrying capacity]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|carrying capacity]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|cell]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|cell]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-1|cell function]] | * [[HS-LS1-1|cell function]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|cell receptor]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|cellular division]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|cellular respiration]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|cellular respiration]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-6|chemical bonding]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|chemical bonding]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-5|chemical energy]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|chemical energy]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|chemical process]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|chemical process]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS3-1|chromosome]] | * [[HS-LS3-1|chromosome]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS2-6|claim]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-1|climate]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|climate change]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|climate change]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|closed system]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS3-1|coding region]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-5|combustion]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS4-1|common ancestry]] | * [[HS-LS4-1|common ancestry]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|competition]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|competition]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-6|complex interactions]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-4|complex organism]] | * [[HS-LS1-4|complex organism]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-7|compound]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of energy]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of energy]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of matter]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|conservation of matter]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|constraint]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|continuity of life]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-8|cooperative behaviors]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|cooperative behaviors]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|correlation (versus cause)]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|cost, safety, reliability and aesthetics]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|criteria]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|cultural impacts]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|cultural impacts]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|cycling of carbon]] | |
| − | == D == | + | * [[HS-LS2-3|cycling of matter]] |
| − | * [[ | + | |
| − | * [[ | + | === D === |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|dam]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|daughter cell]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-5|decomposition]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|deforestation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|design solution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-3|differential survival and reproduction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|differentiation]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-2|disease]] | * [[HS-LS2-2|disease]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-2|disturbance]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|diverge]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-1|DNA]] | * [[HS-LS1-1|DNA]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|DNA code]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-2|DNA replication]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-1|DNA sequence]] | * [[HS-LS4-1|DNA sequence]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-LS4-5|drought]] | |
| − | == E == | + | |
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-5|Earth’s spheres]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-6|ecological change]] | * [[HS-LS2-6|ecological change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-6|ecological succession]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|ecosystem]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|ecosystem]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-5|ecosystem disruption]] | * [[HS-LS4-5|ecosystem disruption]] | ||
| Line 75: | Line 103: | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|ecosystem scale]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|ecosystem scale]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-2|ecosystem stability]] | * [[HS-LS2-2|ecosystem stability]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-LS1- | + | * [[HS-LS1-8|embryo]] |
* [[HS-LS4-1|embryology]] | * [[HS-LS4-1|embryology]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|embryonic development]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-1|empirical evidence]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|energy flow]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|energy flow]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|energy pyramid]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|energy pyramid]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS2-4|energy transfer]] |
* [[HS-LS4-5|environmental change]] | * [[HS-LS4-5|environmental change]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-2|environmental factor]] | * [[HS-LS3-2|environmental factor]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|environmental impacts]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|environmental impacts]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-7|environmental sustainability]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|environmental sustainability]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|enzyme]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|erosion]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-2|evolution]] | * [[HS-LS4-2|evolution]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS3-3|expressed trait]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-LS4-5|extinction]] | |
| − | == F == | + | |
| + | === F === | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|feedback mechanism]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|feedback mechanism]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-LS4-3| | + | * [[HS-LS1-8|fertilization]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|fertilized egg]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|fertilizer]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|fetus]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|fishing]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-8|flocking]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|flood]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-3|flow of energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-2|fluctuation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-7|food molecule]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|food web]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|food web]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS4-3|frequency]] | * [[HS-LS4-3|frequency]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == G == | + | === G === |
* [[HS-LS1-1|gene]] | * [[HS-LS1-1|gene]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-1|gene expression]] | * [[HS-LS3-1|gene expression]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-4|gene frequency]] | * [[HS-LS4-4|gene frequency]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-LS4-1|genetic | + | * [[HS-LS3-1|gene regulation]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS4-3|generation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-2|genetic combination]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-2|genetic engineering]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|genetic information]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|genetic material]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-2|genetic variation]] | * [[HS-LS4-2|genetic variation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-2|genetically modified]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-4|geographic barrier]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|geosphere]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|geosphere]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-8|group behavior]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|group behavior]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-LS1-4|growth and development]] | |
| − | == H == | + | |
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-2|habitat]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|habitat destruction]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|habitat destruction]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-5|habitat loss]] | * [[HS-LS4-5|habitat loss]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|heart rate]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|heart rate]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-8|herding]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|herding]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-3|heritable trait]] | * [[HS-LS4-3|heritable trait]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|hierarchical organization]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|hierarchical organization]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|homeostasis]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|homeostasis]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS1-1|hormone]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|human activity]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|human impact]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|human impact]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|human reproduction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-8|hunting]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-6|hydrocarbon backbone]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|hydrocarbon backbone]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-6|hydrogen]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|hydrogen]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|hydrosphere]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|hydrosphere]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == I == | + | === I === |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|immune response]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-8|individual behavior]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|individual behavior]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS3-2|inheritable variation]] | * [[HS-LS3-2|inheritable variation]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-3|inheritance pattern]] | * [[HS-LS3-3|inheritance pattern]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-7|inputs and outputs]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|interacting systems]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|interdependence]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|interdependence]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-3|internal and external conditions]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|invasive species]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|invasive species]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-LS1-3|investigation]] | |
| − | == | + | |
| − | + | === L === | |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|legislation]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS1-7|life processes]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | * [[ | ||
* [[HS-LS1-5|light energy]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|light energy]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-2|limited resources]] | * [[HS-LS4-2|limited resources]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|limiting factor]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|limiting factor]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-LS4-1|lines of descent]] | |
| − | == M == | + | * [[HS-LS1-6|lipid]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-3|living system]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
* [[HS-LS1-6|macromolecule]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|macromolecule]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-5|matter]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|matter]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-3|matter cycle]] | * [[HS-LS2-3|matter cycle]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-2|meiosis]] | * [[HS-LS3-2|meiosis]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|microorganism]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-8|migration]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|migration]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-4|mitosis]] | * [[HS-LS1-4|mitosis]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS4-2|morphology]] |
| − | * [[HS-LS1-2|multicellular | + | * [[HS-LS1-2|multicellular organism]] |
* [[HS-LS3-2|mutation]] | * [[HS-LS3-2|mutation]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == N == | + | === N === |
* [[HS-LS4-3|natural selection]] | * [[HS-LS4-3|natural selection]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|negative feedback]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|negative feedback]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|neural stimuli]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|neural stimuli]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-4|nitrogen]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|nitrogen]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS3-1|non-coding region]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-6|nucleic acid]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|nutrient uptake]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|nutrient uptake]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == O == | + | === O === |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|ocean]] |
* [[HS-LS1-2|organ]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|organ]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|organ system]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|organ system]] | ||
| Line 169: | Line 220: | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|overpopulation]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|overpopulation]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-7|oxygen]] | * [[HS-LS1-7|oxygen]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == P == | + | === P === |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|parent cell]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-1|parents and offspring]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-6|phosphorus]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesis]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesis]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesizing organisms]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesizing organisms]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS4-2|physiology]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|pollution]] |
* [[HS-LS2-2|population]] | * [[HS-LS2-2|population]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-1|population change]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-3|population shift]] | * [[HS-LS4-3|population shift]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|positive feedback]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|positive feedback]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|predation]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|predation]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-3|probability]] | * [[HS-LS3-3|probability]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|productivity]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS4-2|proliferation]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS4-3|proportion]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-1|protein]] | * [[HS-LS1-1|protein]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS1-1|protein synthesis]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-LS2-4|pyramid of biomass]] | |
| − | == Q == | + | |
| − | + | === Q === | |
| − | == R == | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|quantitative model]] |
| − | * [[ | + | |
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-5|rate of change]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-2|replication error]] | * [[HS-LS3-2|replication error]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS4-2|reproduction]] |
* [[HS-LS4-2|reproduction potential]] | * [[HS-LS4-2|reproduction potential]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-1|resources]] | * [[HS-LS2-1|resources]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|respiration]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|respiration]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-3|root development]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|root development]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == S == | + | === S === |
* [[HS-LS2-8|schooling]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|schooling]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS4-1|scientific theory]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS2-6|sea level rise]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-4|selection]] | * [[HS-LS4-4|selection]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS3-2|sexual reproduction]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS2-7|social impacts]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|social impacts]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-4|soil]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-5|solar energy]] | * [[HS-LS2-5|solar energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|specialized cell]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-7|speciation]] | * [[HS-LS2-7|speciation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS4-1|species]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-6|species abundance]] | * [[HS-LS2-6|species abundance]] | ||
* [[HS-LS4-5|species emergence]] | * [[HS-LS4-5|species emergence]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|stability and change]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|stability and change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-6|starch]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-3|statistics]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-4|stem cell]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|stimulus (response to stimuli)]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-3|stomata response]] | * [[HS-LS1-3|stomata response]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|stromatolite]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|structural protein]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-1|structure and function]] | * [[HS-LS1-1|structure and function]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-6|sugar]] | * [[HS-LS1-6|sugar]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-6|sulfur]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-8|survival]] | * [[HS-LS2-8|survival]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|sustaining biodiversity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-8|swarming]] | ||
* [[HS-LS1-2|system model]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|system model]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == T == | + | === T === |
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-2|tissue]] | * [[HS-LS1-2|tissue]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-7|trade-off]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-1|trait]] | ||
* [[HS-LS3-3|trait distribution]] | * [[HS-LS3-3|trait distribution]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS4-4|trait frequency]] |
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|transcription]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-1|translation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS2-2|trend]] | ||
* [[HS-LS2-4|trophic level]] | * [[HS-LS2-4|trophic level]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == U == | + | === U === |
| − | + | * [[HS-LS2-7|urbanization]] | |
| − | == V == | + | |
| − | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3| | + | === V === |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-LS1-2|vaccination]] |
| − | == W == | + | * [[HS-LS3-3|variability]] |
| − | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|water]] | + | * [[HS-LS3-3|variation]] |
| − | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1| | + | * [[HS-LS2-6|volcanic eruption]] |
| − | < | + | |
| − | == | + | === W === |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-LS2-4|waste]] |
| − | == | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|weathering]] |
| − | < | + | |
| − | == | + | == Vocabulary from released exams == |
| − | * [[Questions: | + | Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released Regents question cluster. The exam is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used on several exams is linked to one representative question. |
| − | + | === A === | |
| + | * [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q3|acid rain]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q2|allele]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergen]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|allergy]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|altitude]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|amphibian]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|animal model]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|antigen]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q4|appendage]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|aquatic]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|arthropod]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|asexual reproduction]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|asteroid impact]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Australia]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|autotroph (autotrophic nutrition)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === B === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q2|bacteria]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|base-pairing rule]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|behavioral adaptation]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|bind (to a receptor)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|biome (desert, savannah, deciduous woodland, tropical rainforest)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|blood sugar]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|body plan]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|body segmentation]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|body temperature]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|breathing rate]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q4|breeding]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|burrow]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === C === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q2|camouflage]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|cannibalism]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon pool]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q5|carbon sequestration]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q4|carbon sink]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon storage]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|Carboniferous period]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|carnivore]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|carnivorous plant]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|chemical messenger]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|chemosynthesis]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|codon]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|codon chart]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q2|colonize]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q5|colony]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|Colorado]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|coloration]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|communication]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|conservation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q2|consumer]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|control region (of a gene)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral bleaching]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral reef]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q4|CRISPR-Cas9 (gene editing)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|cross (genetic cross)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|deletion (mutation)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|dependent variable]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|Devonian period]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q1|diabetes]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|diffusion]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|digestion]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|dissolved oxygen]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|disulfide bridge]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q2|dominant allele]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q5|dormancy]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|ecological pyramid]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|ecosystem services]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|endangered species]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|epigenetic change]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|evolutionary relationships]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|evolutionary tree]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q4|extinction rate]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q3|extrapolation]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q3|feedback loop]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|filter feeder]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|flowering plant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|food chain]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|foraging]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|fossil record]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|fraternal twins]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fungus]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|gel electrophoresis]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q6|gene therapy]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|genetic code]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q6|genetic diversity]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q5|genetic technology]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|genetically identical]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|genome]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|genotype]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|germination]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q4|global warming]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q4|grazing]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Great Barrier Reef]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|greenhouse gas]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|growth and repair]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Space Invader#q1|growth rate]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q3|habitat fragmentation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|harmful algal bloom]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Space Invader#q4|herbicide]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|herbivore]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|hibernation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|host]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q2|huddling]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|hybrid]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|hydrothermal vent]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q3|hypothesis]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|identical twins]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|independent variable]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|infection]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|infectious disease]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|inflammatory response]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|insecticide]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|insertion (mutation)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q3|instinct]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|interbreeding]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|invertebrate]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q4|isolation (of populations)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === K === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|K-T extinction]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|keystone species]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q5|land use]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|larva]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|leaf fossil phases]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|life cycle]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q3|life expectancy]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|mammal]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|marsupial]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q4|mass extinction]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Colorful Guppies#q4|mate preference]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|mating]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|menstrual cycle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|metabolic pathway]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q2|metabolism]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|metamorphosis]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|methylation (and demethylation)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|microbe]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|mineral]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|mitochondrial DNA]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|model organism]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|mortality]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|mRNA sequence]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|native species]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q3|New Mexico]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|niche]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q4|non-native species]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|nuclear DNA]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|nucleotide]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|nutrient cycling]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|ocean acidification]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|omnivore]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|organelle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|organic compound]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|organic matter]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Space Invader#q2|outcompete]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|ovulation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|parasite]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|parasitism]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|parental care]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|parental generation (P) and F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub> generations]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|pathogen]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|permafrost]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|pest]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|pesticide]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|pH]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|phenotype]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|pheromone]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|Pickles Coral Reef, Florida]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|pigment]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|placental mammal]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q3|plague (Sylvatic Plague)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|poaching]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollination]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q5|pollinator]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q2|population density]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|population size]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|predator]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|prey]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|primate]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|producer]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q3|prostaglandin receptor]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q5|protected area]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|radiation (radioactive)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|rainforest]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q5|range (of a population)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q1|recombination]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|reforestation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|regeneration]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|regulatory gene]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|reintroduction]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q1|remediation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|reproductive cell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|reproductive cycle]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|reproductive rate]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|reproductive strategy]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Frog Development#q3|reproductive success]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|resistance (to a pesticide or treatment)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|restoration]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|ribbon model]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q3|runoff]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|salinity]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|salt marsh]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q2|sample size]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|sediment]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|sedimentation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|seed dispersal]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q4|selective breeding]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|set point]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q2|sex chromosomes (X and Y)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|signal molecule]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|social behavior]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|social insect]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q2|somatic cell]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|spawning]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q5|splicing]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|spore]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|stop codon and start codon]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q2|subspecies]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|survival rate]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q3|survivorship curve]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|taxonomic ranks (species, genus, family, order)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|terrestrial]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|territory]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|tetrapod]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|tide pool]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|top predator]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|top-down and bottom-up control]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|toxin]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|transcription factor]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q2|transect]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|transitional fossil]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q6|transplanting]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q4|transport across the cell membrane]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|transposon]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|trophic cascade]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|tumor]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q1|ultraviolet radiation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q3|variant (gene variant)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|vertebrate]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|waggle dance]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|wetland]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q4|wildlife corridor (wildlife bridge)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Cells, tissues, organs and body systems == | ||
| + | Named parts of organisms, from organelles to body systems, with the standard or question that names them. Most come from the exams; the standards name only a few (the arteries, smooth muscle and elastic tissue of [[HS-LS1-2]], the stomates of [[HS-LS1-3]], the reproductive structures of [[HS-LS1-8]] and the sex cells of [[HS-LS3-2]]), and [[HS-LS1-1]] says assessment "does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions". | ||
| + | === A === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|adrenal gland]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|air sac]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q1|amniotic sac]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|antenna]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|artery]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === B === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|backbone]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|bladder]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|blastocyst]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|blood vessel]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|body cell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|bone]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q2|bone cell]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|bone marrow]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|Bowman’s capsule]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|brain]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === C === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|capillary]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|cardiac muscle]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|cell membrane]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|cell types (nerve, liver, skeletal muscle, intestinal, cheek cells)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|cell wall]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q3|central disc]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|chloroplast]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|circulatory system]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|cornea]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|corpus luteum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|dermal tissue]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|digestive system]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|digits (fingers and toes)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|egg (egg cell)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|elastic tissue]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|endocrine system]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q3|endoplasmic reticulum]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|epidermal cell]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|epidermis]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|excretory system]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|follicle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|forelimb]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fruiting body]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|gamete]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q4|gill]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|gland]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|head, thorax and abdomen]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|heart]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|hyphae]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q4|immune system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q4|inner cell mass]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === K === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|keratinocyte]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|kidney]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|large intestine]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|leaf]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q4|limb bud]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|liver]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|lung]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|lung cell]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|mast cell]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|melanocyte]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|mitochondria]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q1|morula]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|muscle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q2|muscle cell]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|muscular system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|musculoskeletal system]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|mycelium]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|nephron]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|nephron loop]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|nerve]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|nervous system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|neuron (nerve cell)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q2|nucleus]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|oil gland]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|ovary]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|ovule]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|pancreas]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|pectoral fin]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|pelvis]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|pharynx]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|phloem]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|placenta]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|plant cell]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|platelet]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollen grain]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|red blood cell]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|renal artery and renal vein]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|reproductive system]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|respiratory system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|ribosome]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|root]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|root hair]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|root hair cell]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|root system]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|salivary gland]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|sensory system]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS3-2|sex cell]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|shoot system]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|skeletal system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|skin]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|skin cell]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|small intestine]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-2|smooth muscle]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q1|sperm]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q3|spinal cord]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|stem]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|stigma]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|stinger]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|stinging cell]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|stomach]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-3|stomate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|tentacle]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|testis]] | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|tubule]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|tusk]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|ureter]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urethra]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urinary system]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|uterine lining]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-8|uterus]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|vacuole]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|vascular bundle]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q1|vein (leaf)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q2|water vascular system]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|white blood cell]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === X === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|xylem]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Z === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q2|zygote]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Organisms named in the exams == | ||
| + | Organisms the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of living things NYSED writes about. The standards themselves name no organisms beyond "plants or algae" ([[HS-LS2-4]]), "microorganisms" and "corals" ([[HS-ESS2-7]]). | ||
| + | |||
| + | === 2024 sample clusters === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster|Coral Reefs Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q1|coral]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|coral polyp]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster|Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|avian dinosaur]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|early mammal]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|non-avian dinosaur]], [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q5|fern]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q5|mouse (animal model)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster|Old Forest Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q1|Archaeopteris]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds (diversity graph)]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|spore-producing, seed-producing and cone-producing plants]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?|Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?]]''': [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|algae]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|kelp]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|sea otter]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|sea urchin]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|coral, mussel, plankton and sea star (shell-builders)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!|Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!]]''': [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|fish (nephron comparison)]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q2|terrestrial mammal]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]''': [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q1|Pacific chorus frog]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|bird]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|Ribeiroia (parasitic flatworm)]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|snail]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q2|tadpole]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|fruit fly]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q5|grasshopper, lobster, bee, dragonfly and mosquito (arthropods)]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q6|mouse]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau|Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]''': [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|yak]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q4|pika]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|wolf, eagle and snow leopard (carnivores)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline|Salt Marsh Shoreline]]''': [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|goldenrod, groundsel bush, marsh elder, switchgrass, deer, hawk and cedar (upper border and upland)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|saltmeadow cordgrass, spikegrass, saltmarsh sparrow, aster and common reed (high marsh)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|smooth cordgrass, heron, egret, Atlantic silverside, minnow, glasswort and sea lavender (low marsh)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q1|striped bass, flounder, seaweed, clam, crab, mussel and worm (subtidal and mudflat)]], [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q4|oyster (oyster reef)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Limb Evolution|Limb Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|lobe-finned fish]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q1|zebrafish (ray-finned fish)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|Acanthostega (extinct tetrapod)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|human, mole, horse, porpoise and bat (living tetrapods)]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|Rhizodus]], [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q4|Tiktaalik]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Does It Matter?|Does It Matter?]]''': [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|cow]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|soil bacterium (decomposition)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs|Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|black-footed ferret]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|black-tailed prairie dog]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|burrowing owl]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q1|rattlesnake]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q3|flea and rat (plague carriers)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems|Trees Have Organ Systems]]''': [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|maple tree]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q4|sugar maple, red oak, beech, red maple, birch, white ash, black cherry, basswood, elm, balsam fir, hemlock, poplar, willow, red spruce and white pine (New York trees)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species|Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species]]''': [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q1|bluefin tuna]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q2|Eurasian shrew]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q5|American bison]], [[Questions:Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species#q5|wolf and mountain lion (bison predators)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk|A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk]]''': [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|mulberry plant]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|silkworm (silkworm moth)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Ivory and Elephants|Ivory and Elephants]]''': [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|African savanna elephant]], [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q4|wild hog, raccoon and deer (Florida panther prey)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth|Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|phytoplankton]], [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q3|krill]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]''': [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q5|crocodile, cat and dog (keratin structures)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?|How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?]]''': [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|kangaroo rat]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q2|beaver]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q3|rattlesnake]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology|Evolutionary Relationships]]''': [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|Pakicetus, Rodhocetus, Dorudon and Balaena (whale lineage)]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q2|shark]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q3|camel, cow and hippopotamus (evolutionary tree)]], [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q4|goat]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion|The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion]]''': [[Questions:The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion#q5|pig (animal model)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction|Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction]]''': [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|Florida panther]], [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q1|wild hog, raccoon and deer (prey)]], [[Questions:Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction#q3|feral hog]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === January 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Space Invader|Space Invader]]''': [[Questions:Space Invader#q1|Hydrilla (invasive pondweed)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Keystone Species Rule|Keystone Species Rule]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q1|pike, carp, zooplankton and phytoplankton (lake trophic cascade)]], [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|willow, cottonwood and aspen]], [[Questions:Keystone Species Rule#q3|wolf, coyote, elk, bear, pronghorn and beaver (Yellowstone)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]''': [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|cat]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage|A Hard Pest to Manage]]''': [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower (host crops)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|diamondback moth]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt bacterium)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q4|European corn borer]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats|Honeybee Behavior and Threats]]''': [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|honeybee]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q2|worker bee]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|Varroa mite (invasive parasite)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Baboon Evolution|Baboon Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|baboon (Papio papio, anubis, hamadryas, kindae, cynocephalus, ursinus)]], [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q3|tick]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Purple Insect Eater|Purple Insect Eater]]''': [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns|Zebra Coat Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|impala]], [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q1|plains zebra and Grévy’s zebra]], [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q3|biting fly]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival|A Seasonal Strategy for Survival]]''': [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|13-lined ground squirrel]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|northern long-eared bat]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|Scandinavian brown bear]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q5|fungus (bat colony infection)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?|Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?]]''': [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|algae]], [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q2|zooplankton, small fish, large fish, eagle, clam, duck and aquatic plants (freshwater food web)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Green and Black Frogs|Green and Black Frogs]]''': [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis)]], [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q4|elk, roe deer and wild boar (Chernobyl abundance)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Tailless Humans|Tailless Humans]]''': [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, Old World monkey, New World monkey, tarsier and lemur (primate tree)]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q4|hybrid mouse]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind|Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind]]''': [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|microbe (decomposition)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Buzzy Bees|Buzzy Bees]]''': [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|flowering plant]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|honeybee (queen, worker and drone)]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q4|parasitic mite]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q5|almond tree]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Forest Gardener|The Forest Gardener]]''': [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|Baird’s tapir]], [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q3|jaguar, caiman, cacomistle, howler monkey, leafcutter ant, vermilion waxcap mushroom, Mayan drum snail and jicaro tree (rainforest trophic levels)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Australian Adaptations|Australian Adaptations]]''': [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|phascogale, dunnart, Tasmanian devil, numbat, Tasmanian wolf, bilby, marsupial mole, wallaby and koala (marsupials)]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|shrew, bat and parrot (placental mammals and bird)]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q3|eucalyptus]], [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q3|giant koala (extinct)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mercury Rising|Mercury Rising]]''': [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|walleye, smallmouth bass, pumpkinseed, banded killifish, fish fry, insect larvae, protozoa, zooplankton, bacteria and phytoplankton (Onondaga Lake food chain)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool|Star of the Tide Pool]]''': [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|clam]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|mussel]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|sea star]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q1|snail]], [[Questions:Star of the Tide Pool#q4|mollusk]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas|Deep-Sea Dilemmas]]''': [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|microbe (chemosynthetic bacteria)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|tubeworm]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q3|octopus, blind crab, zoarcid fish, dandelion siphonophore, mussel and shrimp (vent food web)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Humongous Fungus|Humongous Fungus]]''': [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|fox, coyote, mouse, rabbit, deer, grass and tree (ecological pyramid)]], [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Colorful Guppies|Colorful Guppies]]''': [[Questions:Colorful Guppies#q1|Trinidadian guppy]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels|A Tale of Two Squirrels]]''': [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q1|Kaibab squirrel and Abert’s squirrel (tassel-eared squirrels)]], [[Questions:A Tale of Two Squirrels#q1|ponderosa pine]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Frog Development|Frog Development]]''': [[Questions:Frog Development#q1|frog (tadpole)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants|Homeostasis in Plants]]''': [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q3|maple]], [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q4|thale cress (mustard family)]], [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|black cottonwood and eastern cottonwood]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Invasive Mussels|Invasive Mussels]]''': [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|native bivalves]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|perch and trout]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|phytoplankton and bacteria]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|zebra mussel and quagga mussel]], [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|zooplankton and opossum shrimp]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity|Parrots and Biodiversity]]''': [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q1|monk parakeet]], [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q1|parrot]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Permafrost Problem|The Permafrost Problem]]''': [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q3|conifer, shrub and grass (permafrost vegetation)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Molecules, substances and genes == | ||
| + | Specific molecules, substances, elements and genes that the standards or exam clusters name, grouped by source. Gene names are in italics. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === From the standards === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-5|carbon dioxide]], [[HS-LS1-5|water]], [[HS-LS1-6|sugar molecule]], [[HS-LS1-7|ATP]], [[HS-LS3-1|DNA molecule]], [[HS-LS1-6|lipids, starches, proteins and nucleic acids]], [[HS-LS1-6|carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus (elements)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === 2024 sample clusters === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster|Coral Reefs Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q2|sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis inputs and outputs)]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|atmospheric carbon dioxide]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|carbonic acid]], [[Questions:Coral Reefs Sample Cluster#q3|dissolved carbon dioxide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster|Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q1|dust, sulfur and carbon dioxide (asteroid impact)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster|Prostaglandins Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|C-enzyme (C-1 and C-2 forms)]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q1|prostaglandin]], [[Questions:Prostaglandins Sample Cluster#q2|serine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine and isoleucine (amino acids)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster|Old Forest Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|carbon dioxide and oxygen (atmospheric levels)]], [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q5|carbon (geological sequestration)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?|Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?]]''': [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|carbon compounds]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q3|carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen and ATP (photosynthesis equation)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|bicarbonate ion (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|carbonate ion (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q5|hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!|Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!]]''': [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q1|urine]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|erythropoietin (EPO)]], [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q4|aquaporin]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Heads or Tails?|Heads or Tails?]]''': [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|''Hox'' genes]], [[Questions:Heads or Tails?#q3|retinoic acid]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau|Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]''': [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|hemoglobin]], [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q2|''EPAS1'' gene]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Does It Matter?|Does It Matter?]]''': [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|sugar]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q3|starch, lipids, proteins and DNA (compounds plants make)]], [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q4|carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (elements)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs|Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs]]''': [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|insecticide]], [[Questions:Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs#q5|oral vaccine]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Nature or Nurture?|Nature or Nurture?]]''': [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|''IGF2'' gene]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|mRNA]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q2|the 20 amino acids (phenylalanine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, proline, histidine, glutamine, arginine, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine, lysine, methionine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine)]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|growth hormone]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q3|methyl group]], [[Questions:Nature or Nurture?#q5|nicotine]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems|Trees Have Organ Systems]]''': [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q1|minerals]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q2|sap]], [[Questions:Trees Have Organ Systems#q4|carbon (stored in wood)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk|A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk]]''': [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|amino acids]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|ATP]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|glucose]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|lipids]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q1|nitrogen]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q3|scent molecules]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|fibroin (silk protein)]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|mRNA]], [[Questions:A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk#q4|silk]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Ivory and Elephants|Ivory and Elephants]]''': [[Questions:Ivory and Elephants#q1|ivory]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth|Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|carbon]], [[Questions:Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth#q1|glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein|Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein]]''': [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|keratin]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|''KRT1'', ''KRT10'' and ''KRT12'' genes]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q1|mRNA]], [[Questions:Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein#q3|proline, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and valine (amino acids)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?|How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?]]''': [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|urine]], [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q1|water]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === January 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins|Two Kinds of Twins]]''': [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|methyl group]], [[Questions:Two Kinds of Twins#q4|methylated DNA]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Space Invader|Space Invader]]''': [[Questions:Space Invader#q2|carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), water (H<sub>2</sub>O), oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q3|lipids]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q3|nitrogen]], [[Questions:Space Invader#q4|herbicide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies|Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies]]''': [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|Fel d 1 (cat allergen protein)]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q1|glutamic acid, tyrosine, valine, glutamine, alanine, lysine and leucine (amino acids)]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|histamine]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q2|mucus]], [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|testosterone]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage|A Hard Pest to Manage]]''': [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q1|butane-fipronil (chemical pesticide)]], [[Questions:A Hard Pest to Manage#q3|Bt toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Diabetes|Diabetes]]''': [[Questions:Diabetes#q1|glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP (cellular respiration)]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|glucose transport protein]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|insulin]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q2|insulin receptor protein]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q4|the 17 amino acids of insulin (glycine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, threonine, serine, leucine, tyrosine, asparagine, phenylalanine, histidine, alanine, arginine, proline, lysine)]], [[Questions:Diabetes#q5|immunosuppressant]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats|Honeybee Behavior and Threats]]''': [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q1|pollen and nectar]], [[Questions:Honeybee Behavior and Threats#q3|oxalic acid (mite treatment)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Baboon Evolution|Baboon Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Baboon Evolution#q1|nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Purple Insect Eater|Purple Insect Eater]]''': [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|carbon dioxide]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|digestive enzymes]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q1|nectar]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q3|nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium (essential nutrients)]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|chlorophyll]], [[Questions:Purple Insect Eater#q4|nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns|Zebra Coat Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Zebra Coat Patterns#q2|melanin]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival|A Seasonal Strategy for Survival]]''': [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|carbon dioxide and oxygen]], [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q3|sugar, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?|Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?]]''': [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|nitrogen]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Green and Black Frogs|Green and Black Frogs]]''': [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q1|melanin]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)|Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)]]''': [[Questions:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)#q1|FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen (blood hormones)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Tailless Humans|Tailless Humans]]''': [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q1|''TBXT'' gene]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|AluY (inserted DNA sequence)]], [[Questions:Tailless Humans#q2|mRNA]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind|Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind]]''': [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q1|natural gas, oil and coal (fossil fuels)]], [[Questions:Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind#q2|carbon dioxide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Buzzy Bees|Buzzy Bees]]''': [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q1|pollen, nectar and honey]], [[Questions:Buzzy Bees#q2|wax]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Forest Gardener|The Forest Gardener]]''': [[Questions:The Forest Gardener#q1|carbon dioxide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body|Caffeine’s Effect on the Body]]''': [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q1|caffeine]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|adenosine]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|''ADORA2A'' gene (adenosine receptor)]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q2|mRNA]], [[Questions:Caffeine’s Effect on the Body#q4|CYP1A2 enzyme]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Australian Adaptations|Australian Adaptations]]''': [[Questions:Australian Adaptations#q1|WALLSI1A and WSINE1/1a (inserted gene sequences)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mercury Rising|Mercury Rising]]''': [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q1|mercury]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas|Deep-Sea Dilemmas]]''': [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|glucose (sugar)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q1|methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)]], [[Questions:Deep-Sea Dilemmas#q3|minerals]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color|Human Variations in Eye Color]]''': [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|melanin]], [[Questions:Human Variations in Eye Color#q3|''OCA2'' and ''HERC2'' genes]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Humongous Fungus|Humongous Fungus]]''': [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q4|RNA (base sequence)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Frog Development|Frog Development]]''': [[Questions:Frog Development#q4|food, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP (cellular respiration inputs and outputs)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants|Homeostasis in Plants]]''': [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q2|glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Invasive Mussels|Invasive Mussels]]''': [[Questions:Invasive Mussels#q1|phosphorus (lake nutrient)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Permafrost Problem|The Permafrost Problem]]''': [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)]], [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q3|nitrogen]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Units == | ||
| + | Units used in the released exams (the standards use none). | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q4|parts per million (ppm)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parrots and Biodiversity#q3|hectare]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Permafrost Problem#q1|gigaton (GT)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Homeostasis in Plants#q5|micrometer (µm)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|milligrams per liter (mg/L)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?#q1|cells per milliliter (cells/mL)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies#q3|micrograms per gram (µg/g)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Diabetes#q3|milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:A Seasonal Strategy for Survival#q1|beats per minute (BPM)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Green and Black Frogs#q4|individuals per square kilometer (No./km<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|grams per square meter (g/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q3|millimeters of mercury (mmHg)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?#q2|milliosmoles per liter]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Salt Marsh Shoreline#q3|centimeters per year (cm/year)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q4|millimoles per cubic meter (mmol/m<sup>3</sup>)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?#q1|grams of carbon per square meter (gC/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!#q3|milli-units per milliliter (mU/mL)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Old Forest Sample Cluster#q2|million years ago (mya)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster#q4|kilogram (kg)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Implied terms == | ||
| + | These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Some familiar terms are explicitly excluded from assessment and are therefore not listed: [[HS-LS4-2]] does "not include other mechanisms of evolution, such as genetic drift, gene flow through migration, and co-evolution"; [[HS-LS4-3]] does "not include allele frequency calculations"; [[HS-LS3-3]] does "not include Hardy-Weinberg calculations"; [[HS-LS3-2]] does "not include the phases of meiosis"; [[HS-LS1-8]] does "not include the details of hormonal regulation or stages of embryonic development"; and [[HS-LS1-6]] does "not include the details of the specific chemical reactions or identification of structural and molecular formulas for macromolecules". | ||
| + | * '''biomagnification''' – [[Questions:Mercury Rising#q2|June 2026 Mercury Rising]]: mercury in each organism of the food chain is "ten times higher than their prey". | ||
| + | * '''convergent evolution''' – [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q2|Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships]] asks why sharks (fish) and marine mammals evolved similar body shapes, without naming the idea. | ||
| + | * '''crossing over''' – [[HS-LS3-2]]: in sexual reproduction "chromosomes can sometimes swap sections during the process of meiosis". | ||
| + | * '''decomposer''' – [[HS-LS2-5]] names "decomposition"; [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus]] describes a fungus that "releases chemicals that break down dead organisms and then absorbs the resulting nutrients", and [[Questions:Does It Matter?#q1|June 2025 Does It Matter?]] pictures a soil bacterium returning "nutrients added to soil". | ||
| + | * '''fitness''' – [[HS-LS4-3]]: natural selection leads to organisms that are "anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment"; the exams keep the phrase "survive and reproduce" (for example [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q1|June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]]) and never say fitness. | ||
| + | * '''homologous structure''' – [[HS-LS4-1]]: evidence from "anatomical structures" and "anatomical and embryological evidence"; [[Questions:Limb Evolution#q2|June 2025 Limb Evolution]] credits "a similar arrangement of bones, which provides evidence of common ancestry". | ||
| + | * '''selection pressure (environmental pressure)''' – [[HS-LS4-2]]: "competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources"; [[HS-LS4-4]]: "biotic and abiotic differences in ecosystems" that "contribute to a change in gene frequency over time". Neither standard uses the word pressure. | ||
| + | * '''ten percent rule''' – [[Questions:Humongous Fungus#q1|Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus]] labels the levels of an ecological pyramid 100%, 10% and 1% of the energy; the [[Questions:Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau#q5|June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau]] rubric credits "energy is lost to heat as you move up trophic levels". | ||
| + | * '''vestigial structure''' – [[Questions:Evolutionary Relationships Biology#q1|Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships]] shows the non-functional pelvis and hind-limb bones of extinct whale ancestors without naming the idea. | ||
| + | |||
{{Pagecontributors}} | {{Pagecontributors}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 23:22, 25 September 2026
This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example HS-LS1-5) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: vocabulary from the standards, vocabulary from released exams, cells, tissues, organs and body systems, organisms named in the exams, molecules, substances and genes, units, and terms the standards and exams point to without naming.
Vocabulary from the standards
Terms used in the biology performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, argument, criteria, constraint, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way.
A
- abiotic factors
- abnormal cell division
- abundance
- acidity
- adaptation
- advantageous heritable trait
- aerobic respiration
- algae
- amino acid
- amino acid sequence
- anaerobic respiration
- anatomical structure
- anthropogenic changes
- antibiotic
- antibody
- argument
- atmosphere
- ATP
- average
B
- behavior
- biodiversity
- biogeochemical cycles
- biomass
- biosphere
- biotechnology
- biotic factors
- blood
- body system
- bond breaking
- bond forming
C
- cancer
- carbon
- carbon cycle
- carbon dioxide concentration
- carbon-based molecule
- carrying capacity
- cell
- cell function
- cell receptor
- cellular division
- cellular respiration
- chemical bonding
- chemical energy
- chemical process
- chromosome
- claim
- climate
- climate change
- closed system
- coding region
- coevolution
- combustion
- common ancestry
- competition
- complex interactions
- complex organism
- compound
- conservation of energy
- conservation of matter
- constraint
- continuity of life
- cooperative behaviors
- correlation (versus cause)
- cost, safety, reliability and aesthetics
- criteria
- cultural impacts
- cycling of carbon
- cycling of matter
D
- dam
- daughter cell
- decomposition
- deforestation
- design solution
- differential survival and reproduction
- differentiation
- disease
- disturbance
- diverge
- DNA
- DNA code
- DNA replication
- DNA sequence
- drought
E
- Earth’s spheres
- ecological change
- ecological succession
- ecosystem
- ecosystem disruption
- ecosystem resilience
- ecosystem scale
- ecosystem stability
- embryo
- embryology
- embryonic development
- empirical evidence
- energy flow
- energy pyramid
- energy transfer
- environmental change
- environmental factor
- environmental impacts
- environmental sustainability
- enzyme
- erosion
- evolution
- expressed trait
- extinction
F
- feedback mechanism
- fertilization
- fertilized egg
- fertilizer
- fetus
- fishing
- flocking
- flood
- flow of energy
- fluctuation
- food molecule
- food web
- frequency
G
- gene
- gene expression
- gene frequency
- gene regulation
- generation
- genetic combination
- genetic engineering
- genetic information
- genetic material
- genetic variation
- genetically modified
- geographic barrier
- geosphere
- group behavior
- growth and development
H
- habitat
- habitat destruction
- habitat loss
- heart rate
- herding
- heritable trait
- hierarchical organization
- homeostasis
- hormone
- human activity
- human impact
- human reproduction
- hunting
- hydrocarbon backbone
- hydrogen
- hydrosphere
I
- immune response
- individual behavior
- inheritable variation
- inheritance pattern
- inputs and outputs
- interacting systems
- interdependence
- internal and external conditions
- invasive species
- investigation
L
- legislation
- life processes
- light energy
- limited resources
- limiting factor
- lines of descent
- lipid
- living system
M
- macromolecule
- matter
- matter cycle
- meiosis
- microorganism
- migration
- mitosis
- morphology
- multicellular organism
- mutation
N
- natural selection
- negative feedback
- neural stimuli
- nitrogen
- non-coding region
- nucleic acid
- nutrient uptake
O
P
- parent cell
- parents and offspring
- phosphorus
- photosynthesis
- photosynthesizing organisms
- physiology
- pollution
- population
- population change
- population shift
- positive feedback
- predation
- probability
- productivity
- proliferation
- proportion
- protein
- protein synthesis
- pyramid of biomass
Q
R
- rate of change
- replication error
- reproduction
- reproduction potential
- resources
- respiration
- root development
S
- schooling
- scientific theory
- sea level rise
- selection
- sexual reproduction
- social impacts
- societal needs and wants
- soil
- solar energy
- specialized cell
- speciation
- species
- species abundance
- species emergence
- stability and change
- starch
- statistics
- stem cell
- stimulus (response to stimuli)
- stomata response
- stromatolite
- structural protein
- structure and function
- sugar
- sulfur
- survival
- sustaining biodiversity
- swarming
- system model
T
- tissue
- trade-off
- trait
- trait distribution
- trait frequency
- transcription
- translation
- trend
- trophic level
U
V
W
Vocabulary from released exams
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released Regents question cluster. The exam is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used on several exams is linked to one representative question.
A
- acid rain – Jan 2026
- allele – June 2025
- allergen – Jan 2026
- allergy – Jan 2026
- altitude – June 2025
- amphibian – Aug 2026
- animal model – Sample 2024
- antigen – Jan 2026
- appendage – June 2026
- aquatic – Aug 2026
- arthropod – June 2025
- asexual reproduction – June 2025
- asteroid impact – Sample 2024
- Australia – Sample 2024
- autotroph (autotrophic nutrition) – June 2025
B
- bacteria – June 2025
- base-pairing rule – Sample 2024
- behavioral adaptation – June 2025
- bind (to a receptor) – June 2026
- biome (desert, savannah, deciduous woodland, tropical rainforest) – Jan 2026
- blood sugar – June 2025
- body plan – June 2025
- body segmentation – June 2025
- body temperature – June 2026
- breathing rate – June 2026
- breeding – Jan 2026
- burrow – June 2025
C
- camouflage – June 2026
- cannibalism – Aug 2025
- carbon pool – June 2025
- carbon sequestration – Sample 2024
- carbon sink – Aug 2025
- carbon storage – June 2025
- Carboniferous period – June 2026
- carnivore – June 2025
- carnivorous plant – Jan 2026
- chemical messenger – Sample 2024
- chemosynthesis – Aug 2026
- codon – Aug 2025
- codon chart – Sample 2024
- colonize – Aug 2026
- colony – June 2026
- Colorado – Sample 2024
- coloration – Jan 2026
- communication – Jan 2026
- conservation – Aug 2025
- consumer – June 2026
- control region (of a gene) – Aug 2026
- coral bleaching – Sample 2024
- coral reef – Sample 2024
- CRISPR-Cas9 (gene editing) – Jan 2026
- cross (genetic cross) – June 2026
D
- deletion (mutation) – Aug 2025
- dependent variable – Aug 2026
- Devonian period – Sample 2024
- diabetes – Jan 2026
- diffusion – Aug 2025
- digestion – Aug 2025
- dissolved oxygen – June 2026
- disulfide bridge – Jan 2026
- dominant allele – Aug 2025
- dormancy – Jan 2026
E
- ecological pyramid – Aug 2026
- ecosystem services – June 2026
- endangered species – June 2026
- epigenetic change – Jan 2026
- evolutionary relationships – June 2025
- evolutionary tree – Aug 2025
- extinction rate – Sample 2024
- extrapolation – June 2025
F
- feedback loop – Jan 2026
- filter feeder – Aug 2026
- flowering plant – June 2026
- food chain – Jan 2026
- foraging – June 2025
- fossil record – June 2026
- fraternal twins – Jan 2026
- fungus – Aug 2026
G
- gel electrophoresis – Jan 2026
- gene therapy – June 2025
- genetic code – Sample 2024
- genetic diversity – Aug 2025
- genetic technology – Jan 2026
- genetically identical – Aug 2026
- genome – Aug 2025
- genotype – June 2026
- germination – Aug 2026
- global warming – Sample 2024
- grazing – Jan 2026
- Great Barrier Reef – Sample 2024
- greenhouse gas – Sample 2024
- growth and repair – Aug 2025
- growth rate – Jan 2026
H
- habitat fragmentation – Aug 2025
- harmful algal bloom – June 2026
- herbicide – Jan 2026
- herbivore – Sample 2024
- hibernation – June 2026
- host – June 2025
- huddling – Aug 2026
- hybrid – June 2026
- hydrothermal vent – Aug 2026
- hypothesis – Jan 2026
I
- identical twins – Jan 2026
- independent variable – Aug 2026
- infection – June 2025
- infectious disease – Jan 2026
- inflammatory response – Sample 2024
- insecticide – June 2025
- insertion (mutation) – June 2026
- instinct – June 2026
- interbreeding – Jan 2026
- invertebrate – Aug 2026
- isolation (of populations) – Jan 2026
K
- K-T extinction – Sample 2024
- keystone species – June 2025
L
- land use – Aug 2025
- larva – Jan 2026
- leaf fossil phases – Sample 2024
- life cycle – June 2025
- life expectancy – Aug 2025
M
- mammal – Sample 2024
- marsupial – June 2026
- mass extinction – Sample 2024
- mate preference – Aug 2026
- mating – June 2026
- menstrual cycle – June 2026
- metabolic pathway – Aug 2025
- metabolism – June 2026
- metamorphosis – Aug 2026
- methylation (and demethylation) – June 2025
- microbe – Aug 2026
- mineral – June 2025
- mitochondrial DNA – Jan 2026
- model organism – Aug 2025
- mortality – Jan 2026
- mRNA sequence – Sample 2024
N
- native species – Aug 2026
- New Mexico – Sample 2024
- niche – Sample 2024
- non-native species – June 2026
- nuclear DNA – Jan 2026
- nucleotide – Aug 2025
- nutrient cycling – June 2026
O
- ocean acidification – Sample 2024
- omnivore – Sample 2024
- organelle – June 2026
- organic compound – Aug 2026
- organic matter – June 2026
- outcompete – Jan 2026
- ovulation – June 2026
P
- parasite – June 2025
- parasitism – Jan 2026
- parental care – Aug 2025
- parental generation (P) and F1, F2 generations – June 2026
- pathogen – Aug 2025
- permafrost – Aug 2026
- pest – June 2025
- pesticide – Jan 2026
- pH – June 2025
- phenotype – June 2026
- pheromone – June 2026
- Pickles Coral Reef, Florida – Sample 2024
- pigment – Aug 2026
- placental mammal – June 2026
- plague (Sylvatic Plague) – June 2025
- poaching – Aug 2025
- pollination – June 2026
- pollinator – Jan 2026
- population density – Aug 2026
- population size – Aug 2025
- predator – Aug 2026
- prey – Aug 2026
- primate – June 2026
- producer – June 2025
- prostaglandin receptor – Sample 2024
- protected area – Jan 2026
R
- radiation (radioactive) – June 2026
- rainforest – June 2026
- range (of a population) – Aug 2025
- recombination – Aug 2026
- reforestation – Sample 2024
- regeneration – Aug 2026
- regulatory gene – June 2025
- reintroduction – Jan 2026
- remediation – June 2026
- reproductive cell – Aug 2026
- reproductive cycle – Aug 2025
- reproductive rate – Aug 2025
- reproductive strategy – Aug 2026
- reproductive success – Aug 2026
- resistance (to a pesticide or treatment) – Jan 2026
- restoration – June 2025
- ribbon model – Sample 2024
- runoff – June 2026
S
- salinity – June 2025
- salt marsh – June 2025
- sample size – Aug 2025
- sediment – June 2026
- sedimentation – Sample 2024
- seed dispersal – June 2026
- selective breeding – Sample 2024
- set point – June 2025
- sex chromosomes (X and Y) – Aug 2025
- signal molecule – Jan 2026
- social behavior – Jan 2026
- social insect – Jan 2026
- somatic cell – Aug 2025
- spawning – Aug 2025
- splicing – Jan 2026
- spore – Aug 2026
- stop codon and start codon – June 2025
- subspecies – Aug 2026
- survival rate – Aug 2026
- survivorship curve – Aug 2025
T
- taxonomic ranks (species, genus, family, order) – Sample 2024
- terrestrial – Aug 2026
- territory – Aug 2025
- tetrapod – June 2025
- tide pool – Aug 2026
- top predator – June 2026
- top-down and bottom-up control – Jan 2026
- toxin – Jan 2026
- transcription factor – June 2026
- transect – June 2025
- transitional fossil – June 2025
- transplanting – Sample 2024
- transport across the cell membrane – Jan 2026
- transposon – Aug 2025
- trophic cascade – Jan 2026
- tumor – June 2025
U
- ultraviolet radiation – Aug 2026
V
- variant (gene variant) – June 2026
- vertebrate – June 2025
W
- waggle dance – Jan 2026
- wetland – June 2025
- wildlife corridor (wildlife bridge) – Aug 2025
Cells, tissues, organs and body systems
Named parts of organisms, from organelles to body systems, with the standard or question that names them. Most come from the exams; the standards name only a few (the arteries, smooth muscle and elastic tissue of HS-LS1-2, the stomates of HS-LS1-3, the reproductive structures of HS-LS1-8 and the sex cells of HS-LS3-2), and HS-LS1-1 says assessment "does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions".
A
- adrenal gland – June 2025
- air sac – June 2026
- amniotic sac – Jan 2026
- antenna – Aug 2025
- artery
B
- backbone – June 2025
- bladder – Aug 2025
- blastocyst – Aug 2025
- blood vessel – June 2026
- body cell – Aug 2026
- bone – June 2026
- bone cell – Jan 2026
- bone marrow – June 2026
- Bowman’s capsule – June 2025
- brain – June 2026
C
- capillary – June 2026
- cardiac muscle – Aug 2025
- cell membrane – June 2026
- cell types (nerve, liver, skeletal muscle, intestinal, cheek cells) – Aug 2025
- cell wall – Aug 2026
- central disc – Aug 2026
- chloroplast – Aug 2026
- circulatory system
- cornea – Aug 2025
- corpus luteum – June 2026
D
- dermal tissue – Aug 2025
- digestive system – Aug 2026
- digits (fingers and toes) – June 2025
E
- egg (egg cell) – June 2026
- elastic tissue
- endocrine system – Jan 2026
- endoplasmic reticulum – June 2026
- epidermal cell – Sample 2024
- epidermis – Aug 2025
- excretory system – Aug 2025
F
- follicle – June 2026
- forelimb – June 2025
- fruiting body – Aug 2026
G
H
- head, thorax and abdomen – June 2025
- heart – June 2026
- hyphae – Aug 2026
I
- immune system – June 2026
- inner cell mass – Aug 2025
K
- keratinocyte – Aug 2025
- kidney – June 2026
L
- large intestine – June 2026
- leaf – Aug 2026
- limb bud – June 2025
- liver – June 2026
- lung – June 2026
- lung cell – June 2025
M
- mast cell – Jan 2026
- melanocyte – Jan 2026
- mitochondria – Jan 2026
- morula – Aug 2025
- muscle – June 2026
- muscle cell – Jan 2026
- muscular system – June 2026
- musculoskeletal system – Jan 2026
- mycelium – Aug 2026
N
- nephron – Aug 2025
- nephron loop – Aug 2025
- nerve – Aug 2025
- nervous system – June 2026
- neuron (nerve cell) – June 2026
- nucleus – Aug 2025
O
P
- pancreas – Jan 2026
- pectoral fin – June 2025
- pelvis – Aug 2025
- pharynx – Sample 2024
- phloem – Aug 2025
- placenta
- plant cell – Jan 2026
- platelet – June 2026
- pollen grain – June 2026
R
- red blood cell – June 2025
- renal artery and renal vein – June 2025
- reproductive system
- respiratory system – June 2026
- ribosome – Sample 2024
- root – Aug 2026
- root hair – Aug 2025
- root hair cell – Jan 2026
- root system – Aug 2025
S
- salivary gland – Jan 2026
- sensory system – Aug 2026
- sex cell
- shoot system – Aug 2025
- skeletal system – June 2026
- skin – Jan 2026
- skin cell – June 2026
- small intestine – June 2026
- smooth muscle
- sperm – Aug 2025
- spinal cord – Aug 2025
- stem – Aug 2026
- stigma – June 2026
- stinger – June 2026
- stinging cell – Sample 2024
- stomach – June 2026
- stomate
T
U
- ureter – June 2025
- urethra – June 2025
- urinary system – June 2025
- uterine lining – June 2026
- uterus
V
- vacuole – Aug 2026
- vascular bundle – Aug 2025
- vein (leaf) – Aug 2026
W
- water vascular system – Aug 2026
- white blood cell – Sample 2024
X
- xylem – Aug 2025
Z
- zygote – Aug 2026
Organisms named in the exams
Organisms the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of living things NYSED writes about. The standards themselves name no organisms beyond "plants or algae" (HS-LS2-4), "microorganisms" and "corals" (HS-ESS2-7).
2024 sample clusters
- Coral Reefs Sample Cluster: coral, coral polyp, zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae)
- Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster: avian dinosaur, early mammal, non-avian dinosaur, fern
- Prostaglandins Sample Cluster: mouse (animal model)
- Old Forest Sample Cluster: Archaeopteris, insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds (diversity graph), spore-producing, seed-producing and cone-producing plants
June 2025 exam
- Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?: algae, kelp, sea otter, sea urchin, coral, mussel, plankton and sea star (shell-builders)
- Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!: fish (nephron comparison), terrestrial mammal
- Heads or Tails?: Pacific chorus frog, bird, Ribeiroia (parasitic flatworm), snail, tadpole, fruit fly, grasshopper, lobster, bee, dragonfly and mosquito (arthropods), mouse
- Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau: yak, pika, wolf, eagle and snow leopard (carnivores)
- Salt Marsh Shoreline: goldenrod, groundsel bush, marsh elder, switchgrass, deer, hawk and cedar (upper border and upland), saltmeadow cordgrass, spikegrass, saltmarsh sparrow, aster and common reed (high marsh), smooth cordgrass, heron, egret, Atlantic silverside, minnow, glasswort and sea lavender (low marsh), striped bass, flounder, seaweed, clam, crab, mussel and worm (subtidal and mudflat), oyster (oyster reef)
- Limb Evolution: lobe-finned fish, zebrafish (ray-finned fish), Acanthostega (extinct tetrapod), human, mole, horse, porpoise and bat (living tetrapods), Rhizodus, Tiktaalik
- Does It Matter?: cow, soil bacterium (decomposition)
- Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs: black-footed ferret, black-tailed prairie dog, burrowing owl, rattlesnake, flea and rat (plague carriers)
August 2025 exam
- Trees Have Organ Systems: maple tree, sugar maple, red oak, beech, red maple, birch, white ash, black cherry, basswood, elm, balsam fir, hemlock, poplar, willow, red spruce and white pine (New York trees)
- Strategies for Survival in Different Animal Species: bluefin tuna, Eurasian shrew, American bison, wolf and mountain lion (bison predators)
- A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk: mulberry plant, silkworm (silkworm moth)
- Ivory and Elephants: African savanna elephant, wild hog, raccoon and deer (Florida panther prey)
- Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth: phytoplankton, krill
- Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein: crocodile, cat and dog (keratin structures)
- How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?: kangaroo rat, beaver, rattlesnake
- Evolutionary Relationships: Pakicetus, Rodhocetus, Dorudon and Balaena (whale lineage), shark, camel, cow and hippopotamus (evolutionary tree), goat
- The Human Journey from One Cell to 30 Trillion: pig (animal model)
- Driving the Florida Panther to Extinction: Florida panther, wild hog, raccoon and deer (prey), feral hog
January 2026 exam
- Space Invader: Hydrilla (invasive pondweed)
- Keystone Species Rule: pike, carp, zooplankton and phytoplankton (lake trophic cascade), willow, cottonwood and aspen, wolf, coyote, elk, bear, pronghorn and beaver (Yellowstone)
- Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies: cat
- A Hard Pest to Manage: cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower (host crops), diamondback moth, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt bacterium), European corn borer
- Honeybee Behavior and Threats: honeybee, worker bee, Varroa mite (invasive parasite)
- Baboon Evolution: baboon (Papio papio, anubis, hamadryas, kindae, cynocephalus, ursinus), tick
- Purple Insect Eater: purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea)
- Zebra Coat Patterns: impala, plains zebra and Grévy’s zebra, biting fly
June 2026 exam
- A Seasonal Strategy for Survival: 13-lined ground squirrel, northern long-eared bat, Scandinavian brown bear, fungus (bat colony infection)
- Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?: algae, zooplankton, small fish, large fish, eagle, clam, duck and aquatic plants (freshwater food web)
- Green and Black Frogs: Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis), elk, roe deer and wild boar (Chernobyl abundance)
- Tailless Humans: chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, Old World monkey, New World monkey, tarsier and lemur (primate tree), hybrid mouse
- Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: microbe (decomposition)
- Buzzy Bees: flowering plant, honeybee (queen, worker and drone), parasitic mite, almond tree
- The Forest Gardener: Baird’s tapir, jaguar, caiman, cacomistle, howler monkey, leafcutter ant, vermilion waxcap mushroom, Mayan drum snail and jicaro tree (rainforest trophic levels)
- Australian Adaptations: phascogale, dunnart, Tasmanian devil, numbat, Tasmanian wolf, bilby, marsupial mole, wallaby and koala (marsupials), shrew, bat and parrot (placental mammals and bird), eucalyptus, giant koala (extinct)
- Mercury Rising: walleye, smallmouth bass, pumpkinseed, banded killifish, fish fry, insect larvae, protozoa, zooplankton, bacteria and phytoplankton (Onondaga Lake food chain)
August 2026 exam
- Star of the Tide Pool: clam, mussel, sea star, snail, mollusk
- Deep-Sea Dilemmas: microbe (chemosynthetic bacteria), tubeworm, octopus, blind crab, zoarcid fish, dandelion siphonophore, mussel and shrimp (vent food web)
- Humongous Fungus: fox, coyote, mouse, rabbit, deer, grass and tree (ecological pyramid), giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea)
- Colorful Guppies: Trinidadian guppy
- A Tale of Two Squirrels: Kaibab squirrel and Abert’s squirrel (tassel-eared squirrels), ponderosa pine
- Frog Development: frog (tadpole)
- Homeostasis in Plants: maple, thale cress (mustard family), black cottonwood and eastern cottonwood
- Invasive Mussels: native bivalves, perch and trout, phytoplankton and bacteria, zebra mussel and quagga mussel, zooplankton and opossum shrimp
- Parrots and Biodiversity: monk parakeet, parrot
- The Permafrost Problem: conifer, shrub and grass (permafrost vegetation)
Molecules, substances and genes
Specific molecules, substances, elements and genes that the standards or exam clusters name, grouped by source. Gene names are in italics.
From the standards
- carbon dioxide, water, sugar molecule, ATP, DNA molecule, lipids, starches, proteins and nucleic acids, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus (elements)
2024 sample clusters
- Coral Reefs Sample Cluster: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis inputs and outputs), atmospheric carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, dissolved carbon dioxide
- Dinosaurs Evolution Sample Cluster: dust, sulfur and carbon dioxide (asteroid impact)
- Prostaglandins Sample Cluster: C-enzyme (C-1 and C-2 forms), prostaglandin, serine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine and isoleucine (amino acids)
- Old Forest Sample Cluster: carbon dioxide and oxygen (atmospheric levels), carbon (geological sequestration)
June 2025 exam
- Carbon! Where Does It Come From? Where Does It Go?: carbon compounds, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen and ATP (photosynthesis equation), carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium ion (Ca2+), carbonate ion (CO32−), hydrogen ion (H+)
- Drinking Water Is Just The Beginning!: urine, erythropoietin (EPO), aquaporin
- Heads or Tails?: Hox genes, retinoic acid
- Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau: hemoglobin, EPAS1 gene
- Does It Matter?: sugar, starch, lipids, proteins and DNA (compounds plants make), carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (elements)
- Keystone Species: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs: insecticide, oral vaccine
- Nature or Nurture?: IGF2 gene, mRNA, the 20 amino acids (phenylalanine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, proline, histidine, glutamine, arginine, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine, lysine, methionine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine), growth hormone, methyl group, nicotine
August 2025 exam
- Trees Have Organ Systems: minerals, sap, carbon (stored in wood)
- A Unique Relationship: Mulberries and Silk: amino acids, ATP, glucose, lipids, nitrogen, scent molecules, fibroin (silk protein), mRNA, silk
- Ivory and Elephants: ivory
- Carbon Cycle Supports Life on Earth: carbon, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
- Keratin – A Very Versatile Protein: keratin, KRT1, KRT10 and KRT12 genes, mRNA, proline, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and valine (amino acids)
- How Do Kangaroo Rats Survive in the Desert?: urine, water
January 2026 exam
- Two Kinds of Twins: methyl group, methylated DNA
- Space Invader: carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12O6), lipids, nitrogen, herbicide
- Solving the Problem of Cat Allergies: Fel d 1 (cat allergen protein), glutamic acid, tyrosine, valine, glutamine, alanine, lysine and leucine (amino acids), histamine, mucus, testosterone
- A Hard Pest to Manage: butane-fipronil (chemical pesticide), Bt toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F)
- Diabetes: glucose (C6H12O6), oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP (cellular respiration), glucose transport protein, insulin, insulin receptor protein, the 17 amino acids of insulin (glycine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, threonine, serine, leucine, tyrosine, asparagine, phenylalanine, histidine, alanine, arginine, proline, lysine), immunosuppressant
- Honeybee Behavior and Threats: pollen and nectar, oxalic acid (mite treatment)
- Baboon Evolution: nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA
- Purple Insect Eater: carbon dioxide, digestive enzymes, nectar, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium (essential nutrients), chlorophyll, nitrate (NO3−)
- Zebra Coat Patterns: melanin
June 2026 exam
- A Seasonal Strategy for Survival: carbon dioxide and oxygen, sugar, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP
- Nitrogen: Friend or Foe?: nitrogen
- Green and Black Frogs: melanin
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen (blood hormones)
- Tailless Humans: TBXT gene, AluY (inserted DNA sequence), mRNA
- Fossil Fuels: Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: natural gas, oil and coal (fossil fuels), carbon dioxide
- Buzzy Bees: pollen, nectar and honey, wax
- The Forest Gardener: carbon dioxide
- Caffeine’s Effect on the Body: caffeine, adenosine, ADORA2A gene (adenosine receptor), mRNA, CYP1A2 enzyme
- Australian Adaptations: WALLSI1A and WSINE1/1a (inserted gene sequences)
- Mercury Rising: mercury
August 2026 exam
- Deep-Sea Dilemmas: glucose (sugar), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), minerals
- Human Variations in Eye Color: melanin, OCA2 and HERC2 genes
- Humongous Fungus: RNA (base sequence)
- Frog Development: food, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ATP (cellular respiration inputs and outputs)
- Homeostasis in Plants: glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and ATP
- Invasive Mussels: phosphorus (lake nutrient)
- The Permafrost Problem: carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), nitrogen
Units
Units used in the released exams (the standards use none).
- parts per million (ppm) – Aug 2026
- hectare – Aug 2026
- gigaton (GT) – Aug 2026
- micrometer (µm) – Aug 2026
- milligrams per liter (mg/L) – June 2026
- cells per milliliter (cells/mL) – June 2026
- nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg) – June 2026
- micrograms per gram (µg/g) – Jan 2026
- milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) – Jan 2026
- beats per minute (BPM) – June 2026
- individuals per square kilometer (No./km2) – June 2026
- grams per square meter (g/m2) – June 2025
- millimeters of mercury (mmHg) – June 2025
- milliosmoles per liter – Aug 2025
- centimeters per year (cm/year) – June 2025
- millimoles per cubic meter (mmol/m3) – June 2025
- grams of carbon per square meter (gC/m2) – June 2025
- milli-units per milliliter (mU/mL) – June 2025
- million years ago (mya) – Sample 2024
- kilogram (kg) – Sample 2024
Implied terms
These terms are not named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Some familiar terms are explicitly excluded from assessment and are therefore not listed: HS-LS4-2 does "not include other mechanisms of evolution, such as genetic drift, gene flow through migration, and co-evolution"; HS-LS4-3 does "not include allele frequency calculations"; HS-LS3-3 does "not include Hardy-Weinberg calculations"; HS-LS3-2 does "not include the phases of meiosis"; HS-LS1-8 does "not include the details of hormonal regulation or stages of embryonic development"; and HS-LS1-6 does "not include the details of the specific chemical reactions or identification of structural and molecular formulas for macromolecules".
- biomagnification – June 2026 Mercury Rising: mercury in each organism of the food chain is "ten times higher than their prey".
- convergent evolution – Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships asks why sharks (fish) and marine mammals evolved similar body shapes, without naming the idea.
- crossing over – HS-LS3-2: in sexual reproduction "chromosomes can sometimes swap sections during the process of meiosis".
- decomposer – HS-LS2-5 names "decomposition"; Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus describes a fungus that "releases chemicals that break down dead organisms and then absorbs the resulting nutrients", and June 2025 Does It Matter? pictures a soil bacterium returning "nutrients added to soil".
- fitness – HS-LS4-3: natural selection leads to organisms that are "anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment"; the exams keep the phrase "survive and reproduce" (for example June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau) and never say fitness.
- homologous structure – HS-LS4-1: evidence from "anatomical structures" and "anatomical and embryological evidence"; June 2025 Limb Evolution credits "a similar arrangement of bones, which provides evidence of common ancestry".
- selection pressure (environmental pressure) – HS-LS4-2: "competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources"; HS-LS4-4: "biotic and abiotic differences in ecosystems" that "contribute to a change in gene frequency over time". Neither standard uses the word pressure.
- ten percent rule – Aug 2026 Humongous Fungus labels the levels of an ecological pyramid 100%, 10% and 1% of the energy; the June 2025 Organisms of the Tibetan Plateau rubric credits "energy is lost to heat as you move up trophic levels".
- vestigial structure – Aug 2025 Evolutionary Relationships shows the non-functional pelvis and hind-limb bones of extinct whale ancestors without naming the idea.
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Shirley Shameen