Difference between revisions of "Chemistry Glossary"
From NY Science Standards Wiki
(Reorganize glossary: source-tagged sections (standards, exams, substances, elements, units, implied terms); add terms from the June and August 2026 exams; fix a few source links) |
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| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. | + | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-PS1-5]]) means the term appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Substances, ions and materials|substances, ions and materials]], [[#Elements|elements]], [[#Units|units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards point to without naming]]. |
| − | == A == | + | |
| + | == Vocabulary from the standards == | ||
| + | Terms used in the chemistry performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, evidence, criteria, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way. | ||
| + | === A === | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|absorption (of electromagnetic radiation)]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|absorption (of electromagnetic radiation)]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|absorption (of energy)]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|absorption (of energy)]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-3|accuracy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|acid]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|acid]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-11|acid rain]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|acid-base reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|acid-base reaction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|algebraic expression]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|algebraic expression]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-8|alpha decay]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|alpha decay]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-11|Arrhenius acid-base reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|Arrhenius acid-base reaction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|atom]] | ||
* [[HS-PS2-6|atomic scale]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|atomic scale]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|atomic structure]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|atomic structure]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|attraction]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|attraction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS2-6|attractive force]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|attractive force]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == B == | + | === B === |
* [[HS-LS1-5|balancing]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|balancing]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|base]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|base]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|beta decay]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|beta decay]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|bias]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-5|binding energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|binding energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|boiling point]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|boiling point]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|boiling point elevation]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|boiling point elevation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|bond]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|bond]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-4|bond breaking]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|bond energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|bond energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|bond formation]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|bond formation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-9|Boyle’s Law]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|Boyle’s Law]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-11|Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|bulk scale]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|bulk scale]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == C == | + | === C === |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-5|catalyst]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|catalyst]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|charge]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|charge]] | ||
| Line 48: | Line 44: | ||
* [[HS-PS1-2|chemical reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-2|chemical reaction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|chemical reaction system]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|chemical reaction system]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS1- | + | * [[HS-PS1-6|chemical system]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-7|claim]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-7|closed system]] |
* [[HS-PS1-10|colligative property]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|colligative property]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-5|collision theory]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|collision theory]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-9|combined gas law]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|combined gas law]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-2|combustion reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-2|combustion reaction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS3-1|component (of a system)]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|computational model]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|computational model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|concentration]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|concentration]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-5|conceptual model]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|conductivity]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|conductivity]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-7|conservation of atoms]] |
* [[HS-PS1-8|conservation of charge]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|conservation of charge]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|conservation of energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|conservation of energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|conservation of mass]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|conservation of mass]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|constraint]] | ||
* [[HS-PS2-6|contact force]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|contact force]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|conversion factor]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|conversion factor]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|criteria]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == D == | + | === D === |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-10|degree of saturation]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|degree of saturation]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|design solution]] |
| + | * [[HS-PS2-6|designed material]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|dipole-dipole]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|dipole-dipole]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-6|dynamic equilibrium]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|dynamic equilibrium]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == E == | + | === E === |
* [[HS-PS1-1|electric charge]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|electric charge]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-5|electric field]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|electric field]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|electrical energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|electrical energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-3|electrical force]] | ||
* [[HS-PS2-6|electrically conductive material]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|electrically conductive material]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-12|electrochemical cell]] |
* [[HS-PS4-4|electromagnetic radiation]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|electromagnetic radiation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|electron]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|electron]] | ||
| Line 84: | Line 85: | ||
* [[HS-PS1-12|electron transfer]] | * [[HS-PS1-12|electron transfer]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|element]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|element]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-4|endothermic reaction]] |
* [[HS-PS1-4|energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|energy change]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy change]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|energy conservation]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy conservation]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-12|energy conversion]] |
* [[HS-PS3-1|energy flow]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy flow]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|energy level]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|energy transfer]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy transfer]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-1|energy transformation]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|energy transformation]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-6|equilibrium]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|equilibrium]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-6|equilibrium constant]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-10|evidence]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|exothermic reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|exothermic reaction]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == F == | + | === F === |
* [[HS-PS3-5|field energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|field energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|fission]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|fission]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-5|force]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|force]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|freezing point depression]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|freezing point depression]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS4- | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|frequency]] |
* [[HS-PS1-8|fusion]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|fusion]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == G == | + | === G === |
* [[HS-PS1-8|gamma decay]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|gamma decay]] | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|gamma rays]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|gamma rays]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-10|gas-liquid solution]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|gas-liquid solution]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|gravitational energy]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|gravitational field]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS1-1|group (of the periodic table)]] | |
| − | == H == | + | |
| − | * [[ | + | === H === |
| + | * [[HS-PS1-12|half-reaction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|heat]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|heat]] | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|heat energy]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|heat energy]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS1- | + | * [[HS-PS1-9|high temperature]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === I === | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == I == | ||
* [[HS-PS1-9|ideal gas]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|ideal gas]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-11|indicator]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-LS1-5|inputs and outputs (of matter and energy)]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-3|intermolecular forces]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|intermolecular forces]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-3|investigation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|ion]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|ion]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|ionization]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|ionization]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|ionization energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|ionization energy]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == | + | === K === |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS3-1|kinetic energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|kinetic energy]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == L == | + | === L === |
* [[HS-PS1-6|Le Chatelier’s Principle]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|Le Chatelier’s Principle]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-LS1-5|light energy]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-3|liquid]] |
* [[HS-PS1-10|liquid-liquid solution]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|liquid-liquid solution]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|living cell]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS2-6|long-chained molecule]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|long-chained molecule]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-PS1-9|low pressure]] | |
| − | == M == | + | |
| + | === M === | ||
* [[HS-PS1-6|macroscopic level]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|macroscopic level]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|macroscopic scale]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|macroscopic scale]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS3-5|magnetic field]] |
* [[HS-PS1-2|main-group element]] | * [[HS-PS1-2|main-group element]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|mass]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|mass]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|mathematical expression]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-7|mathematical representation]] |
* [[HS-PS4-4|matter]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|matter]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|matter flow]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|matter flow]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|melting point]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|melting point]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|metal]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|metal]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-5|mixing]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-PS1-9|molar quantity]] | |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-10|molarity]] |
| − | * [[HS-PS1- | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|mole]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|mole]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-6|molecular level]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|molecular level]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS1- | + | * [[HS-PS1-3|molecule]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == N == | + | === N === |
* [[HS-PS1-5|nature of reactants]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|nature of reactants]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-12|net ionic equation]] | * [[HS-PS1-12|net ionic equation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|network solid]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|network solid]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-11|neutralization]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|neutralization]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|neutralization capability]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|neutralization capability]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-1|neutron]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS3-5|non-ideal gas behavior]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|non-ideal gas behavior]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|nuclear energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|nuclear energy]] | ||
| Line 180: | Line 174: | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|nucleus]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|nucleus]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-5|number of collisions per unit time]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|number of collisions per unit time]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == O == | + | === O === |
* [[HS-PS3-5|opposite polarity]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|opposite polarity]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|optimize]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-2|outermost electron state]] |
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|outermost energy level]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation]] | * [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation half-reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation half-reaction]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation-reduction reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-12|oxidation-reduction reaction]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === P === | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == P == | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-5|particle]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|particle]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-5|particle collision]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|particle collision]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-5|particle orientation]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|particle orientation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-5|particle size]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-6|particulate-level structure]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|parts per million (ppm)]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|parts per million (ppm)]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-10|percent by mass]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|percent by mass]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|period (of the periodic table)]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|periodic table]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|periodic table]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|pH]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|pH]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|phenomenon]] | ||
* [[HS-PS4-3|photoelectric effect]] | * [[HS-PS4-3|photoelectric effect]] | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|photon]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|photon]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesis]] | * [[HS-LS1-5|photosynthesis]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-5|physical change]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|physical change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-10|physical property]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-5|polarity]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|polarity]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|positron decay]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|positron decay]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS3-1| | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|potential energy]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS3-1|power]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|power]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|precision]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|precision]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-9|pressure]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|pressure]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-6|product]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|product]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-11|properties]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-7|proportional relationship]] | * [[HS-PS1-7|proportional relationship]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|proton]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|proton]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === Q === | |
| − | == Q == | + | * [[HS-PS1-10|qualitative]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-10|quantitative]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | |
| − | + | === R === | |
| − | == R == | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|radiation]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|radiation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|radioactive decay]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|radioactive decay]] | ||
| Line 231: | Line 224: | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|reaction with oxygen]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|reaction with oxygen]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-1|reactivity]] | * [[HS-PS1-1|reactivity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-9|real gas]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-4|rearrangement of particles]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-10|reasoning]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS2-6|receptor]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-12|reduction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-12|reduction half-reaction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|relative property]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|release of energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|release of energy]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS1-1| | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|reliability]] |
| + | * [[HS-PS1-1|repulsion]] | ||
* [[HS-PS2-6|repulsive force]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|repulsive force]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-6|reverse reaction]] | * [[HS-PS1-6|reverse reaction]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == S == | + | === S === |
* [[HS-PS1-8|scale of energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|scale of energy]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-3|solid]] |
| − | * [[HS-PS1- | + | * [[HS-PS1-10|solid-liquid solution]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-10|solution]] | * [[HS-PS1-10|solution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-PS1-10|solvation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|stable molecule]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|stable molecule]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-9|standard temperature and pressure (STP)]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|standard temperature and pressure (STP)]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-PS3- | + | * [[HS-PS3-1|stored energy]] |
* [[HS-PS2-6|structure and function]] | * [[HS-PS2-6|structure and function]] | ||
* [[HS-PS3-5|subatomic particle]] | * [[HS-PS3-5|subatomic particle]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-3|substance]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS1-5|surface area]] | * [[HS-PS1-5|surface area]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|surface tension]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|surface tension]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|system]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|system]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == T == | + | === T === |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS1-9|temperature]] |
* [[HS-PS3-1|thermal energy]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|thermal energy]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-11|titration]] | * [[HS-PS1-11|titration]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-4|total bond energy]] | * [[HS-PS1-4|total bond energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|trade-off]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|transformation]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|transformation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-2|trend]] | * [[HS-PS1-2|trend]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-PS1-2|trends in the periodic table]] | |
| − | == U == | + | |
| + | === U === | ||
* [[HS-PS4-4|ultraviolet radiation]] | * [[HS-PS4-4|ultraviolet radiation]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-8|unstable nucleus]] | * [[HS-PS1-8|unstable nucleus]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == V == | + | === V === |
| + | * [[HS-PS4-4|validity]] | ||
* [[HS-PS1-3|vapor pressure]] | * [[HS-PS1-3|vapor pressure]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-PS1-6|variable]] |
* [[HS-PS1-9|volume]] | * [[HS-PS1-9|volume]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == W == | + | === W === |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|wavelength]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-PS3-1|work]] | * [[HS-PS3-1|work]] | ||
| − | < | + | |
| − | == | + | === X === |
| − | < | + | * [[HS-PS4-4|X-rays]] |
| − | == | + | |
| − | < | + | == Vocabulary from released exams == |
| − | == | + | Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released Regents question cluster. The exam is noted after each term; the link opens the question. |
| − | < | + | === A === |
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q4|acid-base indicator]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q4|acidic]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|alloy]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|alpha particle]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|anode]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|aqueous (aq)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|atomic mass]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|atomic radius]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === B === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q4|balanced equation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|band gap energy]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|beta particle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|bioplastic]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === C === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|cathode]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q4|chemical formula]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q3|climate change]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q1|clock reaction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q1|coefficient]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q2|complete combustion]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|compound]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q1|condensation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|conduction band]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q2|conductor]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q3|conservation of matter]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q5|contaminant]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|corrosion]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|covalent bond]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q4|cross-linking]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|crystal]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|crystal lattice]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|decay series]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|decomposition]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q3|density]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|dilute]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q3|dissociation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q4|dissolve]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|double bond]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q1|ductility]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q4|effective collision]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|electrical conductivity]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|electrode]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|electrolysis]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|electrolyte]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|electrolytic cell]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q5|electromagnetic energy]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|emission spectrum]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q3|enzyme]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q3|equilibrium shift]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q4|evaporation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|excited state]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q2|first ionization energy]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|forward reaction]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|gas]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|global warming]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|global warming potential (GWP)]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q4|greenhouse effect]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q4|greenhouse gas]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|ground state]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|Hall-Heroult process]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|heat of solution (ΔH)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|heat transfer]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|hydrocarbon]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|hydrogen ion]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|hydrogen ion acceptor]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|hydrogen ion donor]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q2|hydronium ion]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q2|hydroxide ion]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|infrared radiation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q4|inorganic]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|insoluble]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|insulation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|insulator]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q1|isotope]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|isotopic notation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q2|Lewis electron-dot diagram]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|lithium ion battery]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|malleability]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q5|mass number]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|mixture]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q1|mobile electrons]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q3|molar concentration]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q1|molar mass]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q1|molecular formula]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|monomer]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q4|n-type and p-type semiconductors]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|nonpolar covalent bond]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q4|nonpolar molecule]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|nuclear decay]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q1|nuclear transformation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q4|organic]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|outermost electrons]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|overall reaction]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q4|oxidation number]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q3|oxidation state]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|oxide]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q1|ozone layer]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q5|partial charge (δ+, δ−)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q5|percent composition by mass]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|phosphorescence]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|plasma]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|polar covalent bond]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q4|polar molecule]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q3|polymer]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q2|positron]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q3|potential energy diagram]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|precipitate]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|radiative forcing]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|radioactive]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q3|reflectivity]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|semiconductor]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q2|significant figures]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|single bond]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q1|solar radiation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q3|solubility]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q4|soluble]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q5|solute]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q1|solvent]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|specific heat]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|spectral line]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q1|stratosphere]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q4|stress (on an equilibrium system)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|sublimation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q2|surroundings]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q3|synthesis]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|thermal conductivity]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q3|transmittance]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q2|UVA, UVB and UVC]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q1|vacuum]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|valence band]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q2|valence electron]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q1|valence shell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|visible light]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q4|visible spectrum]] – Sample 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|volatile organic compound (VOC)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|volatility]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q3|water vapor]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Substances, ions and materials == | ||
| + | Specific chemicals, ions and materials that the standards or exam clusters name, grouped by source so teachers can see the kinds of substances NYSED writes about. An entry marked "formula only" was printed as a formula but never named in words. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === From the standards === | ||
| + | * [[HS-LS1-5|carbon dioxide]], [[HS-LS1-5|water]], [[HS-LS1-5|sugar]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Spring 2025 sample clusters === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster|Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]]''': [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|aluminosilicate glass]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|indium tin oxide]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|molten potassium salt]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|potassium ion]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|sodium ion]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q3|aluminum oxide]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|cobalt oxide]], [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|lithium cobalt oxide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field|A Profitable Blueberry Field]]''': [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|alizarine yellow]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|bromcresol purple]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|bromphenol blue]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|congo red]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|methyl red]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q1|sulfate ion]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>, formula only)]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|ammonium ion]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|ammonium sulfate]], [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|nitrate ion]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves|Evaluating Gas Stoves]]''': [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q1|methane]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|hydrazine (N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, formula only)]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|silane (SiH<sub>4</sub>, formula only)]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|carbon tetrafluoride]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|1,1-difluoroethane]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|dinitrogen monoxide]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q3|sulfur hexafluoride]], [[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q4|chlorophyll]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State|Electricity Generation in New York State]]''': [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q1|natural gas]], [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|krypton-89 and barium-144 (fission products, symbols only)]], [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|thorium-231]], [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|uranium-235]], [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|actinium, protactinium and radium isotopes (symbols only)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State|The Fruit Industry in New York State]]''': [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q1|fructose]], [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q1|glucose]], [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q1|sucrose]], [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q2|hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, formula only)]], [[Questions:The Fruit Industry in New York State#q4|pectin]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse|The Great American Solar Eclipse]]''': [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q4|iron(II) oxide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Semiconductors|Semiconductors]]''': [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|bismuth selenide]], [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|diamond]], [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|gallium arsenide]], [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|lead telluride]], [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|silicon carbide]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Go With the Flow|Go With the Flow]]''': [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|borosilicate glass]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|polypropylene]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|polystyrene (Styrofoam)]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q2|stainless steel]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|acetate ion]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|ammonium nitrate]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|carbonate ion]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|chloride ion]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|potassium nitrate]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|sodium acetate]], [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|sodium carbonate]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry|Pool Water Chemistry]]''': [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|calcium ion]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|hydrochloric acid]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|hypochlorite ion (ClO<sup>−</sup>, formula only)]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|hypochlorous acid]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|magnesium ion]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q1|phosphate ion]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q4|bromocresol green]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q4|bromothymol blue]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q4|methyl orange]], [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q4|phenol red]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation|The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation]]''': [[Questions:The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation#q1|ozone]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars|Catalytic Converter in Cars]]''': [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|carbon monoxide]], [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|catalytic converter (device)]], [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|gasoline (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>)]], [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|nitrogen dioxide]], [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|nitrogen monoxide]], [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!|Get a Whiff of That!]]''': [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q1|essential oils (rose, lavender, peppermint)]], [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q1|ethyl alcohol (ethanol)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Parade of Balloons|Parade of Balloons]]''': [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q1|helium-4]], [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q2|urethane]], [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q2|vinyl]], [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q5|thorium-234]], [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q5|uranium-238]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water|Safe Transport of Drinking Water]]''': [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|lead(II) ion]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|PVC (polyvinyl chloride)]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|stainless steel]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q2|calcium phosphate]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q2|lead(II) iodide]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q2|potassium iodide]], [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q4|lead(II) phosphate (formula only)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom|How Glow Became Gloom]]''': [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q1|radium-226]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q1|radon-222]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|bromide ion]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|chloride ion]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|radium bromide]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|radium carbonate]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|radium chloride]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|radium sulfate]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|promethium-147]], [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|tritium]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages|Chemistry of Beverages]]''': [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q5|bromocresol green]], [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q5|indigo carmine]], [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q5|phenol red]], [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q5|thymol blue]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood|Equilibria in the Blood]]''': [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q1|hemoglobin]], [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q1|oxyhemoglobin]], [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q3|carbonic acid]], [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q3|carbonic anhydrase (enzyme)]], [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q3|hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, formula only)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric|The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric]]''': [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|calcium fluoride]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|calcium sulfate]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|chloroform]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|hydrofluoric acid]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|sulfuric acid]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q1|tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q3|expanded PTFE (ePTFE)]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q3|nylon]], [[Questions:The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric#q3|polyester]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Urban Heat Islands|Urban Heat Islands]]''': [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|artificial turf]], [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|asphalt]], [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|brick]], [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|wood]], [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q3|concrete]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Balloon Arches|Balloon Arches]]''': [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q1|citric acid]], [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q1|mylar]], [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q1|sodium citrate (formula only)]], [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q1|sodium hydrogen carbonate]], [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q5|latex]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Clock Reaction|Clock Reaction]]''': [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q1|starch]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q2|copper(II) ion]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|hydrogen sulfite ion]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|iodate ion]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|iodide ion]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|potassium iodate]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q3|sodium bisulfite]], [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q4|iodine (I<sub>2</sub>)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics|Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics]]''': [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|lactic acid]], [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|petroleum]], [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|PFAS (polyfluorinated alkyl substances)]], [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|PLA (polylactic acid)]], [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q5|PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid)]], [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q5|PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways|Photosynthetic Pathways]]''': [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q1|fluorine-18]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q1|oxygen-18]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|aluminum sulfate]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|dolomite]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|limestone]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|magnesium ion]], [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|manure]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:All About Aluminum|All About Aluminum]]''': [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q1|bauxite (ore)]], [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q2|aluminum silicide (Al<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, formula only)]], [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|aluminum ion (formula only)]], [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|oxide ion (formula only)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution|Indoor Air Pollution]]''': [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|carbon monoxide]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|formaldehyde]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|ozone]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|radon-222]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q2|polonium-218]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q3|benzene]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q3|ethylene glycol]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q3|methanol]], [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q3|toluene]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Elements == | ||
| + | Elements named in the standards or exam clusters (43). The link opens the standard or question; an element that appears only as a symbol in an equation or answer choice is linked to that question too. | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
| + | ! Element !! Symbol !! Where it appears | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | actinium || Ac || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | aluminum || Al || [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|Sample 2025: Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]]; [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q1|June 2026: All About Aluminum]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | antimony || Sb || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q4|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | arsenic || As || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q3|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | barium || Ba || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | bismuth || Bi || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | boron || B || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q4|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | bromine || Br || [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q3|June 2026: How Glow Became Gloom]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | calcium || Ca || [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q2|Aug 2026: Pool Water Chemistry]]; [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q2|June 2026: How Glow Became Gloom]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | carbon || C || [[HS-PS1-2]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | chlorine || Cl || [[HS-PS1-2]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | chromium || Cr || [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|Aug 2026: Safe Transport of Drinking Water]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | cobalt || Co || [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|Sample 2025: Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | copper || Cu || [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|Aug 2026: Safe Transport of Drinking Water]]; [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q2|June 2026: Clock Reaction]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | fluorine || F || [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q2|June 2026: Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | gallium || Ga || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q3|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | germanium || Ge || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | helium || He || [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q1|Aug 2026: Parade of Balloons]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | hydrogen || H || [[HS-PS1-2]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | iodine || I || [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q4|June 2026: Clock Reaction]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | iron || Fe || [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q4|Aug 2026: The Great American Solar Eclipse]]; [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|Aug 2026: Safe Transport of Drinking Water]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | krypton || Kr || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | lead || Pb || [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|Aug 2026: Safe Transport of Drinking Water]]; [[Questions:Semiconductors#q3|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | lithium || Li || [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|Sample 2025: Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | magnesium || Mg || [[Questions:Pool Water Chemistry#q2|Aug 2026: Pool Water Chemistry]]; [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|June 2026: Photosynthetic Pathways]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | nickel || Ni || [[Questions:Safe Transport of Drinking Water#q1|Aug 2026: Safe Transport of Drinking Water]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | nitrogen || N || [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q4|Sample 2025: A Profitable Blueberry Field]]; [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q3|June 2026: Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | oxygen || O || [[HS-PS1-2]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | phosphorus || P || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q4|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | polonium || Po || [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q2|June 2026: Indoor Air Pollution]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | potassium || K || [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|Sample 2025: Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | promethium || Pm || [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q4|June 2026: How Glow Became Gloom]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | protactinium || Pa || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | radium || Ra || [[Questions:How Glow Became Gloom#q1|June 2026: How Glow Became Gloom]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | radon || Rn || [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|June 2026: Indoor Air Pollution]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | selenium || Se || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q3|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | silicon || Si || [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|Sample 2025: Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster]]; [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | sodium || Na || [[HS-PS1-2]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | sulfur (elemental sulfur) || S || [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q2|Sample 2025: A Profitable Blueberry Field]]; [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q3|June 2026: Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | tellurium || Te || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | thorium || Th || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | tin || Sn || [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|Aug 2026: Semiconductors]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | uranium || U || [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q4|Aug 2026: Electricity Generation in New York State]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Units == | ||
| + | Units used in the released exams. ''Parts per million'' and ''STP'' are listed under [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]]. | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q4|kelvin (K)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q3|atmosphere (atm)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q3|kilopascal (kPa)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q3|standard pressure]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q3|millimeters of mercury (mmHg)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q2|joule (J)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Catalytic Converter in Cars#q1|kilojoule (kJ)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Semiconductors#q1|electron volt (eV)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Great American Solar Eclipse#q1|nanometer (nm)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q5|nanograms per liter (ng/L)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q1|grams per mole (g/mol)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q1|joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g·°C)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Clock Reaction#q1|molarity per second (M/s)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Implied terms == | ||
| + | These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out; in particular, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces are not listed because [[HS-PS1-3]] says the emphasis is "not on naming specific intermolecular forces," and Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s laws are not listed because [[HS-PS1-9]] assesses "the relationships among the variables of the combined gas law, not the gas law names." | ||
| + | * '''acidic, basic and neutral solutions''' – [[HS-PS1-11]]: "pH values" and "neutralization"; "acidic" is used in [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q4|June 2026 Chemistry of Beverages]]. | ||
| + | * '''activation energy''' – [[HS-PS1-5]] describes it as "energy required to produce the change". | ||
| + | * '''atomic number''' – [[HS-PS1-1]]: the periodic table "orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus"; isotopic notation is used in [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q5|Aug 2026 Electricity Generation]] and [[Questions:Parade of Balloons#q5|Parade of Balloons]]. | ||
| + | * '''Avogadro’s number''' – [[HS-PS1-7]]: "the mole as the conversion from the atomic to the macroscopic scale"; [[Questions:Chemistry of Beverages#q1|June 2026 Chemistry of Beverages]] asks for a number of molecules. | ||
| + | * '''electromagnetic spectrum''' – [[HS-PS4-4]]: "light or longer wavelength electromagnetic radiation" versus "ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays". | ||
| + | * '''electron configuration''' – [[HS-PS1-1]]: "patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms"; [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q1|Smartphone Chemistry]] asks about the "number of occupied energy levels". | ||
| + | * '''electronegativity''' – the [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q2|June 2026 Chip Bag]] rubric credits "fluorine's strong attraction for electrons"; [[HS-PS1-3]] speaks of "electrical forces within and between atoms". | ||
| + | * '''enthalpy change (ΔH)''' – [[HS-PS1-4]]: "release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system"; [[Questions:Go With the Flow#q4|Aug 2026 Go With the Flow]] labels heats of solution "ΔH". | ||
| + | * '''heat equation (q = mcΔT)''' – [[Questions:Urban Heat Islands#q2|June 2026 Urban Heat Islands]] requires it (energy absorbed by a 1.95 kg brick); [[HS-PS3-1]]: "computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component". | ||
| + | * '''ionic bond''' – [[HS-PS1-1]]: "types of bonds formed"; only covalent bonds are named on a released exam ([[Questions:PSC Evaluating Gas Stoves#q2|Evaluating Gas Stoves]]). | ||
| + | * '''ionizing radiation''' – [[HS-PS4-4]]: shorter-wavelength radiation "can ionize atoms and cause damage to living cells". | ||
| + | * '''metallic bond''' – [[HS-PS2-6]]: "electrically conductive materials are often made of metal"; [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q1|June 2026 All About Aluminum]] credits "mobile electrons". | ||
| + | * '''molar volume (22.4 L/mol at STP)''' – [[HS-PS1-7]] PLDs: "calculate a quantity (e.g. # of particles, volume of a gas)"; [[Questions:Electricity Generation in New York State#q3|Aug 2026 Electricity Generation]] asks for liters of gas at STP. | ||
| + | * '''mole ratio''' – the [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q3|Smartphone Chemistry]] rubric multiplies by "2 moles Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> / 4 moles Al". | ||
| + | * '''nuclear equation''' – [[HS-PS1-8]]: "models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus"; [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q2|June 2026 Indoor Air Pollution]]: "Write an equation to model the nuclear decay process". | ||
| + | * '''pH scale''' – [[HS-PS1-11]]: "pH values (concentration)"; [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q2|A Profitable Blueberry Field]] and [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q3|June 2026 Photosynthetic Pathways]] use the factor-of-ten relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration. | ||
| + | * '''phase change''' – [[HS-PS1-3]]: "melting point and boiling point"; evaporation, condensation and sublimation are named in [[Questions:Get a Whiff of That!#q4|Aug 2026 Get a Whiff of That!]] and [[Questions:Indoor Air Pollution#q1|June 2026 Indoor Air Pollution]]. | ||
| + | * '''reversible reaction''' – [[HS-PS1-6]]: "balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction"; the ⇌ arrow appears in [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q1|June 2026 Equilibria in the Blood]] and [[Questions:PSC A Profitable Blueberry Field#q3|A Profitable Blueberry Field]]. | ||
| + | * '''saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions''' – [[HS-PS1-10]]: "degree of saturation". | ||
| + | * '''sodium chloride''' – [[HS-PS1-2]]: "the reaction of sodium and chlorine". | ||
| + | * '''state of matter (phase)''' – [[HS-PS1-3]]: "forces between particles in solids, liquids, and gases". | ||
| + | * '''stoichiometry''' – [[HS-PS1-7]]: "proportional relationships between masses of atoms in the reactants and the products"; worked in [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q3|Smartphone Chemistry]] and [[Questions:Balloon Arches#q2|June 2026 Balloon Arches]]. | ||
| + | * '''structural formula''' – drawn but not named in [[Questions:Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics#q1|June 2026 Chip Bag]] Figure 1 and the [[Questions:Equilibria in the Blood#q2|June 2026 Equilibria in the Blood]] rubric. | ||
| + | * '''transmutation''' – [[HS-PS1-8]]: "changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom"; [[Questions:Photosynthetic Pathways#q1|June 2026 Photosynthetic Pathways]] calls it a "nuclear transformation". | ||
| + | * '''voltaic cell''' – [[HS-PS1-12]]: "electrochemical cells"; [[Questions:Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster#q5|Smartphone Chemistry]] models a discharging battery, while the other kind, the electrolytic cell, is named in [[Questions:All About Aluminum#q3|June 2026 All About Aluminum]]. | ||
| + | |||
{{Pagecontributors}} | {{Pagecontributors}} | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
Latest revision as of 21:10, 25 September 2026
This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example HS-PS1-5) means the term appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: vocabulary from the standards, vocabulary from released exams, substances, ions and materials, elements, units, and terms the standards point to without naming.
Vocabulary from the standards
Terms used in the chemistry performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (claim, evidence, criteria, trade-off) are included because the exams use them the same way.
A
- absorption (of electromagnetic radiation)
- absorption (of energy)
- accuracy
- acid
- acid rain
- acid-base reaction
- algebraic expression
- alpha decay
- Arrhenius acid-base reaction
- atom
- atomic scale
- atomic structure
- attraction
- attractive force
B
- balancing
- base
- beta decay
- bias
- binding energy
- boiling point
- boiling point elevation
- bond
- bond breaking
- bond energy
- bond formation
- Boyle’s Law
- Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction
- bulk scale
C
- catalyst
- charge
- chemical change
- chemical energy
- chemical equation
- chemical property
- chemical reaction
- chemical reaction system
- chemical system
- claim
- closed system
- colligative property
- collision theory
- combined gas law
- combustion reaction
- component (of a system)
- computational model
- computer simulation
- concentration
- conceptual model
- conductivity
- conservation of atoms
- conservation of charge
- conservation of energy
- conservation of mass
- constraint
- contact force
- conversion factor
- criteria
D
E
- electric charge
- electric field
- electrical energy
- electrical force
- electrically conductive material
- electrochemical cell
- electromagnetic radiation
- electron
- electron state
- electron transfer
- element
- endothermic reaction
- energy
- energy change
- energy conservation
- energy conversion
- energy flow
- energy level
- energy transfer
- energy transformation
- equilibrium
- equilibrium constant
- evidence
- exothermic reaction
F
G
- gamma decay
- gamma rays
- gas-liquid solution
- gravitational energy
- gravitational field
- group (of the periodic table)
H
I
- ideal gas
- indicator
- inputs and outputs (of matter and energy)
- intermolecular forces
- investigation
- ion
- ionization
- ionization energy
K
L
- Le Chatelier’s Principle
- light energy
- liquid
- liquid-liquid solution
- living cell
- long-chained molecule
- low pressure
M
- macroscopic level
- macroscopic scale
- magnetic field
- main-group element
- mass
- mathematical expression
- mathematical representation
- matter
- matter flow
- melting point
- metal
- mixing
- molar quantity
- molarity
- mole
- molecular level
- molecule
N
- nature of reactants
- net ionic equation
- network solid
- neutralization
- neutralization capability
- neutron
- non-ideal gas behavior
- nuclear energy
- nuclear process
- nucleus
- number of collisions per unit time
O
- opposite polarity
- optimize
- outermost electron state
- outermost energy level
- oxidation
- oxidation half-reaction
- oxidation-reduction reaction
P
- particle
- particle collision
- particle orientation
- particle size
- particulate-level structure
- parts per million (ppm)
- percent by mass
- period (of the periodic table)
- periodic table
- pH
- phenomenon
- photoelectric effect
- photon
- photosynthesis
- physical change
- physical property
- polarity
- positron decay
- potential energy
- power
- precision
- pressure
- product
- properties
- proportional relationship
- proton
Q
R
- radiation
- radioactive decay
- rate of reaction
- reactant
- reaction
- reaction with oxygen
- reactivity
- real gas
- rearrangement of particles
- reasoning
- receptor
- reduction
- reduction half-reaction
- relative property
- release of energy
- reliability
- repulsion
- repulsive force
- reverse reaction
S
- scale of energy
- solid
- solid-liquid solution
- solution
- solvation
- stable molecule
- standard temperature and pressure (STP)
- stored energy
- structure and function
- subatomic particle
- substance
- surface area
- surface tension
- system
T
- temperature
- thermal energy
- titration
- total bond energy
- trade-off
- transformation
- trend
- trends in the periodic table
U
V
W
X
Vocabulary from released exams
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released Regents question cluster. The exam is noted after each term; the link opens the question.
A
- acid-base indicator – Aug 2026
- acidic – June 2026
- alloy – Aug 2026
- alpha particle – Aug 2026
- anode – Sample 2025
- aqueous (aq) – Aug 2026
- atomic mass – Aug 2026
- atomic radius – Aug 2026
B
- balanced equation – Aug 2026
- band gap energy – Aug 2026
- beta particle – June 2026
- bioplastic – June 2026
C
- cathode – June 2026
- chemical formula – Aug 2026
- climate change – Aug 2026
- clock reaction – June 2026
- coefficient – June 2026
- complete combustion – Aug 2026
- compound – Aug 2026
- condensation – Aug 2026
- conduction band – Aug 2026
- conductor – Sample 2025
- conservation of matter – Aug 2026
- contaminant – June 2026
- corrosion – Aug 2026
- covalent bond – Sample 2025
- cross-linking – June 2026
- crystal – Aug 2026
- crystal lattice – Aug 2026
D
- decay series – Aug 2026
- decomposition – Aug 2026
- density – Aug 2026
- dilute – Aug 2026
- dissociation – June 2026
- dissolve – Aug 2026
- double bond – Sample 2025
- ductility – June 2026
E
- effective collision – Aug 2026
- electrical conductivity – Aug 2026
- electrode – June 2026
- electrolysis – June 2026
- electrolyte – June 2026
- electrolytic cell – June 2026
- electromagnetic energy – Sample 2025
- emission spectrum – Aug 2026
- enzyme – June 2026
- equilibrium shift – Aug 2026
- evaporation – Aug 2026
- excited state – June 2026
F
- first ionization energy – Aug 2026
- forward reaction – June 2026
G
- gas – Sample 2025
- global warming – Sample 2025
- global warming potential (GWP) – Sample 2025
- greenhouse effect – Sample 2025
- greenhouse gas – Sample 2025
- ground state – June 2026
H
- Hall-Heroult process – June 2026
- heat of solution (ΔH) – Aug 2026
- heat transfer – Aug 2026
- hydrocarbon – Aug 2026
- hydrogen ion – Sample 2025
- hydrogen ion acceptor – June 2026
- hydrogen ion donor – June 2026
- hydronium ion – Sample 2025
- hydroxide ion – Aug 2026
I
- infrared radiation – Aug 2026
- inorganic – Aug 2026
- insoluble – Aug 2026
- insulation – Aug 2026
- insulator – Sample 2025
- isotope – June 2026
- isotopic notation – Aug 2026
L
- Lewis electron-dot diagram – June 2026
- lithium ion battery – Sample 2025
M
- malleability – Aug 2026
- mass number – Aug 2026
- mixture – Aug 2026
- mobile electrons – June 2026
- molar concentration – Aug 2026
- molar mass – June 2026
- molecular formula – Aug 2026
- monomer – June 2026
N
- n-type and p-type semiconductors – Aug 2026
- nonpolar covalent bond – Sample 2025
- nonpolar molecule – June 2026
- nuclear decay – Aug 2026
- nuclear transformation – June 2026
O
- organic – Aug 2026
- outermost electrons – Aug 2026
- overall reaction – Sample 2025
- oxidation number – June 2026
- oxidation state – Aug 2026
- oxide – Sample 2025
- ozone layer – Aug 2026
P
- partial charge (δ+, δ−) – June 2026
- percent composition by mass – Aug 2026
- phosphorescence – June 2026
- plasma – Aug 2026
- polar covalent bond – Sample 2025
- polar molecule – June 2026
- polymer – June 2026
- positron – June 2026
- potential energy diagram – Aug 2026
- precipitate – Aug 2026
R
- radiative forcing – Sample 2025
- radioactive – June 2026
- reflectivity – June 2026
S
- semiconductor – Aug 2026
- significant figures – June 2026
- single bond – Sample 2025
- solar radiation – Aug 2026
- solubility – June 2026
- soluble – Aug 2026
- solute – June 2026
- solvent – Aug 2026
- specific heat – June 2026
- spectral line – Aug 2026
- stratosphere – Aug 2026
- stress (on an equilibrium system) – June 2026
- sublimation – June 2026
- surroundings – Aug 2026
- synthesis – Aug 2026
T
- thermal conductivity – Aug 2026
- transmittance – Aug 2026
U
- UVA, UVB and UVC – Aug 2026
V
- vacuum – Aug 2026
- valence band – Aug 2026
- valence electron – June 2026
- valence shell – Aug 2026
- visible light – Aug 2026
- visible spectrum – Sample 2025
- volatile organic compound (VOC) – June 2026
- volatility – June 2026
W
- water vapor – June 2026
Substances, ions and materials
Specific chemicals, ions and materials that the standards or exam clusters name, grouped by source so teachers can see the kinds of substances NYSED writes about. An entry marked "formula only" was printed as a formula but never named in words.
From the standards
Spring 2025 sample clusters
- Smartphone Chemistry Sample Cluster: aluminosilicate glass, indium tin oxide, molten potassium salt, potassium ion, sodium ion, aluminum oxide, cobalt oxide, lithium cobalt oxide
- A Profitable Blueberry Field: alizarine yellow, bromcresol purple, bromphenol blue, congo red, methyl red, sulfate ion, ammonia (NH3, formula only), ammonium ion, ammonium sulfate, nitrate ion
- Evaluating Gas Stoves: methane, hydrazine (N2H4, formula only), silane (SiH4, formula only), carbon tetrafluoride, 1,1-difluoroethane, dinitrogen monoxide, sulfur hexafluoride, chlorophyll
August 2026 exam
- Electricity Generation in New York State: natural gas, krypton-89 and barium-144 (fission products, symbols only), thorium-231, uranium-235, actinium, protactinium and radium isotopes (symbols only)
- The Fruit Industry in New York State: fructose, glucose, sucrose, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, formula only), pectin
- The Great American Solar Eclipse: iron(II) oxide
- Semiconductors: bismuth selenide, diamond, gallium arsenide, lead telluride, silicon carbide
- Go With the Flow: borosilicate glass, polypropylene, polystyrene (Styrofoam), stainless steel, acetate ion, ammonium nitrate, carbonate ion, chloride ion, potassium nitrate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate
- Pool Water Chemistry: calcium ion, hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite ion (ClO−, formula only), hypochlorous acid, magnesium ion, phosphate ion, bromocresol green, bromothymol blue, methyl orange, phenol red
- The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation: ozone
- Catalytic Converter in Cars: carbon monoxide, catalytic converter (device), gasoline (C8H18), nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx)
- Get a Whiff of That!: essential oils (rose, lavender, peppermint), ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
- Parade of Balloons: helium-4, urethane, vinyl, thorium-234, uranium-238
- Safe Transport of Drinking Water: lead(II) ion, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), stainless steel, calcium phosphate, lead(II) iodide, potassium iodide, lead(II) phosphate (formula only)
June 2026 exam
- How Glow Became Gloom: radium-226, radon-222, bromide ion, chloride ion, radium bromide, radium carbonate, radium chloride, radium sulfate, promethium-147, tritium
- Chemistry of Beverages: bromocresol green, indigo carmine, phenol red, thymol blue
- Equilibria in the Blood: hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carbonic acid, carbonic anhydrase (enzyme), hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3−, formula only)
- The Accidental Development of Breathable, Waterproof Fabric: calcium fluoride, calcium sulfate, chloroform, hydrofluoric acid, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sulfuric acid, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), expanded PTFE (ePTFE), nylon, polyester
- Urban Heat Islands: artificial turf, asphalt, brick, wood, concrete
- Balloon Arches: citric acid, mylar, sodium citrate (formula only), sodium hydrogen carbonate, latex
- Clock Reaction: starch, copper(II) ion, hydrogen sulfite ion, iodate ion, iodide ion, potassium iodate, sodium bisulfite, iodine (I2)
- Chip Bag: PFAS vs PLA Plastics: lactic acid, petroleum, PFAS (polyfluorinated alkyl substances), PLA (polylactic acid), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid)
- Photosynthetic Pathways: fluorine-18, oxygen-18, aluminum sulfate, dolomite, limestone, magnesium ion, manure
- All About Aluminum: bauxite (ore), aluminum silicide (Al4Si3, formula only), aluminum ion (formula only), oxide ion (formula only)
- Indoor Air Pollution: carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ozone, radon-222, polonium-218, benzene, ethylene glycol, methanol, toluene
Elements
Elements named in the standards or exam clusters (43). The link opens the standard or question; an element that appears only as a symbol in an equation or answer choice is linked to that question too.
Units
Units used in the released exams. Parts per million and STP are listed under vocabulary from the standards.
- kelvin (K) – Aug 2026
- atmosphere (atm) – June 2026
- kilopascal (kPa) – Aug 2026
- standard pressure – Aug 2026
- millimeters of mercury (mmHg) – June 2026
- joule (J) – June 2026
- kilojoule (kJ) – Aug 2026
- electron volt (eV) – Aug 2026
- nanometer (nm) – Aug 2026
- nanograms per liter (ng/L) – June 2026
- grams per mole (g/mol) – June 2026
- joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g·°C) – June 2026
- molarity per second (M/s) – June 2026
Implied terms
These terms are not named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out; in particular, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces are not listed because HS-PS1-3 says the emphasis is "not on naming specific intermolecular forces," and Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s laws are not listed because HS-PS1-9 assesses "the relationships among the variables of the combined gas law, not the gas law names."
- acidic, basic and neutral solutions – HS-PS1-11: "pH values" and "neutralization"; "acidic" is used in June 2026 Chemistry of Beverages.
- activation energy – HS-PS1-5 describes it as "energy required to produce the change".
- atomic number – HS-PS1-1: the periodic table "orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus"; isotopic notation is used in Aug 2026 Electricity Generation and Parade of Balloons.
- Avogadro’s number – HS-PS1-7: "the mole as the conversion from the atomic to the macroscopic scale"; June 2026 Chemistry of Beverages asks for a number of molecules.
- electromagnetic spectrum – HS-PS4-4: "light or longer wavelength electromagnetic radiation" versus "ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays".
- electron configuration – HS-PS1-1: "patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms"; Smartphone Chemistry asks about the "number of occupied energy levels".
- electronegativity – the June 2026 Chip Bag rubric credits "fluorine's strong attraction for electrons"; HS-PS1-3 speaks of "electrical forces within and between atoms".
- enthalpy change (ΔH) – HS-PS1-4: "release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system"; Aug 2026 Go With the Flow labels heats of solution "ΔH".
- heat equation (q = mcΔT) – June 2026 Urban Heat Islands requires it (energy absorbed by a 1.95 kg brick); HS-PS3-1: "computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component".
- ionic bond – HS-PS1-1: "types of bonds formed"; only covalent bonds are named on a released exam (Evaluating Gas Stoves).
- ionizing radiation – HS-PS4-4: shorter-wavelength radiation "can ionize atoms and cause damage to living cells".
- metallic bond – HS-PS2-6: "electrically conductive materials are often made of metal"; June 2026 All About Aluminum credits "mobile electrons".
- molar volume (22.4 L/mol at STP) – HS-PS1-7 PLDs: "calculate a quantity (e.g. # of particles, volume of a gas)"; Aug 2026 Electricity Generation asks for liters of gas at STP.
- mole ratio – the Smartphone Chemistry rubric multiplies by "2 moles Al2O3 / 4 moles Al".
- nuclear equation – HS-PS1-8: "models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus"; June 2026 Indoor Air Pollution: "Write an equation to model the nuclear decay process".
- pH scale – HS-PS1-11: "pH values (concentration)"; A Profitable Blueberry Field and June 2026 Photosynthetic Pathways use the factor-of-ten relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration.
- phase change – HS-PS1-3: "melting point and boiling point"; evaporation, condensation and sublimation are named in Aug 2026 Get a Whiff of That! and June 2026 Indoor Air Pollution.
- reversible reaction – HS-PS1-6: "balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction"; the ⇌ arrow appears in June 2026 Equilibria in the Blood and A Profitable Blueberry Field.
- saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions – HS-PS1-10: "degree of saturation".
- sodium chloride – HS-PS1-2: "the reaction of sodium and chlorine".
- state of matter (phase) – HS-PS1-3: "forces between particles in solids, liquids, and gases".
- stoichiometry – HS-PS1-7: "proportional relationships between masses of atoms in the reactants and the products"; worked in Smartphone Chemistry and June 2026 Balloon Arches.
- structural formula – drawn but not named in June 2026 Chip Bag Figure 1 and the June 2026 Equilibria in the Blood rubric.
- transmutation – HS-PS1-8: "changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom"; June 2026 Photosynthetic Pathways calls it a "nuclear transformation".
- voltaic cell – HS-PS1-12: "electrochemical cells"; Smartphone Chemistry models a discharging battery, while the other kind, the electrolytic cell, is named in June 2026 All About Aluminum.
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Shirley Shameen