Difference between revisions of "Earth & Space Science Glossary"
From NY Science Standards Wiki
(Rebuilt from NYSED sources only: every term links to its standard or released exam question (2024 samples through August 2026); added exam vocabulary, geologic time, Earth materials, places, celestial objects, reference tables, units and a labeled implied-terms section) |
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| − | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. | + | This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example [[HS-ESS2-1]]) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: [[#Vocabulary from the standards|vocabulary from the standards]], [[#Vocabulary from released exams|vocabulary from released exams]], [[#Geologic time and named events|geologic time and named events]], [[#Earth materials|Earth materials]], [[#Places, features and people|places, features and people]], [[#Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments|celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments]], [[#Reference tables|reference tables]], [[#Equations and units|equations and units]], and [[#Implied terms|terms the standards and exams point to without naming]]. |
| − | == A == | + | |
| − | * [[ | + | == Vocabulary from the standards == |
| + | Terms used in the Earth and space science performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (argument, evidence-based forecast, criteria, constraints, trade-offs) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: [[HS-ESS1-2]] with physics, [[HS-ESS2-6]] and [[HS-ESS2-7]] with biology, and the four engineering design standards ([[HS-ETS1-1]] to [[HS-ETS1-4]]) with all four science courses. | ||
| + | === A === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|absolute ages]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|absorption]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-3|agricultural efficiency]] | * [[HS-ESS3-3|agricultural efficiency]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|agricultural soil use]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|air masses]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS1-6|ancient | + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|ancient Earth materials]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|argument]] | |
| − | * [[ | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|asteroids]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|asteroids]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|astronomical evidence]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|astronomical evidence]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-6|atmosphere]] | * [[HS-ESS2-6|atmosphere]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|atmospheric composition]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|atomic nuclei]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|axis of rotation]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == B == | + | === B === |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|Big Bang theory]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|Big Bang theory]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-3|biodiversity]] | * [[HS-ESS3-3|biodiversity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|biogeochemical cycles]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|biogeology]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]] | * [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|biosphere]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|biosphere feedback]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|biosphere feedback]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|blizzards]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|brightness]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == C == | + | === C === |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon]] |
* [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon cycle]] | * [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon cycle]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-6|carbon dioxide]] | * [[HS-ESS3-6|carbon dioxide]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon]] | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|carbon dioxide concentrations]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial bodies]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|celestial events]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|central ancient core]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|central ancient core]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS1- | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|characteristic frequencies of light]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|chemical weathering]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|chemical weathering]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|circulation patterns]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|climate change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|climate factors]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|climate feedback]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|climate feedback]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|climate system]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|climate system]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|coastal erosion]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|coastal erosion]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|coevolution]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-4|collision]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|competing design solutions]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|complex real-world problem]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|composition]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|composition of matter]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|composition of matter]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS1-6| | + | * [[HS-ESS1-3|compositional elements]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-6|computational representation]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-3|computational simulation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|conceptual modeling]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-2|conservation]] | * [[HS-ESS3-2|conservation]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-1|constructive | + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|constraints]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|constructive processes]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|continental crust]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|continental crust]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|continental features]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|continental features]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|continental rocks]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|convection currents]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|coral reefs]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|coral reefs]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS1-2|cosmic microwave background | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|cosmic microwave background]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS3-2| | + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|cost-benefit ratios]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|costs and benefits]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|cratering record]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|cratering record]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|criteria]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|crust]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|crustal rocks]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|crustal rocks]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-6|cryosphere]] | * [[HS-ESS3-6|cryosphere]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|cyclical changes]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|cycling of carbon]] | |
| − | == D == | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|cycling of matter]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | + | |
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|dammed rivers]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|delta]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|delta]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|density]] | |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-3| | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|deposition]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|deposition]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ETS1-4|design solution]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|destructive processes]] |
* [[HS-ESS3-1|droughts]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|droughts]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|dynamic causes and effects]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|dynamic causes and effects]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == E == | + | === E === |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|Earth]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|Earth materials]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|Earth’s early oceans]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|Earth’s formation]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|Earth’s formation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s interior]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s layers]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s layers]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s magnetic field]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|Earth’s magnetic field]] | ||
| Line 82: | Line 100: | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|Earth’s surface]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|Earth’s surface]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s systems]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|Earth’s systems]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|earthquakes]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|earthquakes]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-7|eclipse]] | * [[HS-ESS1-7|eclipse]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-4|ecosystem degradation]] | * [[HS-ESS3-4|ecosystem degradation]] | ||
| Line 92: | Line 108: | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-3|elements]] | * [[HS-ESS1-3|elements]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-4|elliptical orbits]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|elliptical orbits]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS3- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|energy and mineral resources]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-4 | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|energy flow]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|energy transfer mechanisms]] |
* [[HS-ESS2-1|erosion]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|erosion]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS3-5|evidence-based forecast]] | |
| − | == F == | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|evolution of life]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|expanding universe]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|exponential decay law]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|feedback]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|feedback]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fertile soils]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|fertile soils]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|floods]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|floods]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|flow of energy]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|flow of energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|fresh water]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|fresh water]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|frontal boundaries]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|frost wedging]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|frost wedging]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === G === | |
| − | == G == | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|galaxy]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|galaxy]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-4|geoengineering]] | * [[HS-ESS3-4|geoengineering]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|geologic history]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|geologic history]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|geologic processes]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|geological record]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|geoscience data]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|geoscience data]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|geoscience factors]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|geoscience factors]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|geoscience problem]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-6|geosphere]] | * [[HS-ESS2-6|geosphere]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|glacial ice]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|glacial ice volumes]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|glacial ice volumes]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|glaciers]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|global challenge]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|global temperatures]] |
* [[HS-ESS1-4|gravitational attraction]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|gravitational attraction]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|greenhouse gases]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|greenhouse gases]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ground vegetation]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|ground vegetation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|groundwater]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|groundwater recharge]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|groundwater recharge]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | |
| − | + | === H === | |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|habitats]] | |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|half-life]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|heavier elements]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|high and low pressure systems]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|human activity]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-5|human impacts]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|humidity]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|humidity]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|hurricanes]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|hurricanes]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|hydrologic cycle]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|hydrologic cycle]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-6|hydrosphere]] | * [[HS-ESS2-6|hydrosphere]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === I === | |
| − | |||
| − | == I == | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|ice]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|ice]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|ice ages]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous rock]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|impacts of human activities]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|infiltration]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|inner core]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|intensity and distribution of sunlight]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|interior processes]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|interior processes]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|internal and surface processes]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|interstellar gases]] | |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]] | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|isotope]] |
| − | * [[ | + | |
| − | + | === K === | |
| − | == K == | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Kepler's laws]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|Kepler's laws]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == L == | + | === L === |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|lakes]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|lakes]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS3-4|land use]] | + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|land features]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|land plants]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|land surface use]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-3|life cycle]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|life span of the sun]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|lifetimes of other stars]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|light spectra]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|light spectra]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|livestock]] |
* [[HS-ESS2-6|living organisms]] | * [[HS-ESS2-6|living organisms]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === M === | |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle]] | |
| − | == M == | ||
| − | * [[ | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle convection]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|mantle convection]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-6|marine populations]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|mass]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|mass migrations]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|mass migrations]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-3|mass of a star]] | * [[HS-ESS1-3|mass of a star]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|mass wasting]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS1- | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|massive stars]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-5| | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|melt generation]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|melting temperature]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|metamorphic rock]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|microbial life]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|microbial life]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS1-5| | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|microorganisms]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|mid-ocean ridges]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|migration]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|migration]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-2|mining]] | * [[HS-ESS3-2|mining]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|mitigate]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|model]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|model]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-4|moon]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|motion]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|motion]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|motion of distant galaxies]] |
* [[HS-ESS2-1|mountain]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|mountain]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == N == | + | === N === |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural hazards]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|natural hazards]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|natural resources]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|natural resources]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|natural systems]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|negative feedback]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-3|neutron]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|new technologies]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-4|Newtonian gravity]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|Newtonian gravity]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-1|non-cyclic variations]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|North American continental crust]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|North American continental crust]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|nuclear fusion]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|nuclear fusion]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-3|nucleosynthesis]] | * [[HS-ESS1-3|nucleosynthesis]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == O == | + | === O === |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|observation and experiment]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|observations]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|observations]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|ocean]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-6|ocean acidification]] | * [[HS-ESS3-6|ocean acidification]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|ocean circulation]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|ocean circulation]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|ocean floor]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|ocean-floor features]] |
* [[HS-ESS1-5|oceanic crust]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|oceanic crust]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-4|orbital motion]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|orbital motion]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-4|orbiting objects]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|ordinary matter]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|orientation of its axis]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-3|outer core]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|outer core]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|outgassing]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|outward flow of energy]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen production]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|oxygen production]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | |
| − | + | === P === | |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|peer review]] | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-3|per-capita consumption]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|permeability]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|phases of the moon]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-6|photosynthetic biomass]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|photosynthetic life]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|physical and chemical properties]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|planetary surfaces]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|planetary surfaces]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-4|planets]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|planets]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate interaction]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|plate interaction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|plate movements]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate spreading]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|plate spreading]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|plate tectonic movement]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-5|plate tectonics]] | * [[HS-ESS1-5|plate tectonics]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|plateaus]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|plateaus]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|pollutants]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS3-4|pollution]] | * [[HS-ESS3-4|pollution]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|porosity]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|positive feedback]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-5|precipitation]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|precipitation patterns]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|precipitation patterns]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS2-5| | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|prevailing global winds]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|primordial radiation]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|prioritized criteria]] | |
| − | == Q == | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|properties of water]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-3|proton]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | == R == | + | === Q === |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|quantitative model]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|radial layers]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|radiation]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|radiation]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|radioactive decay]] |
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|radiometric dating]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|radiometric dating]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|receding galaxies]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|recrystallization]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|recrystallization]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-2|recycling]] | * [[HS-ESS3-2|recycling]] | ||
| − | * [[HS-ESS1-2| | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|recycling of Earth materials]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|red shift]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|reefs]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|reefs]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|reflection]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-5|regional climate change]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|relative ages]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|relative motion]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|relative positions]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|release energy]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|release energy]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|remnant radiation]] |
| − | * [[HS-ESS3- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|residual heat]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-3|resource extraction]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-3|resource management]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|reuse]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|ridges]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|risk mitigation]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|river]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|river]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|rock cycle]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|rock cycle]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|rock record]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|rock types]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|runoff]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|runoff]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == S == | + | === S === |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]] |
* [[HS-ESS1-4|satellites]] | * [[HS-ESS1-4|satellites]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-6|scientific reasoning]] |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|scientific theory]] |
* [[HS-ESS3-1|sea level]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|sea level]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-6|sea organism health]] |
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|sea-floor features]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|seamounts]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|seasons]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|sediment transport]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|sediment transport]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|sedimentary rock]] |
* [[HS-ESS2-3|seismic waves]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|seismic waves]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|severe weather]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|shape of Earth’s orbit]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|social, cultural, and environmental impacts]] | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-1|societal needs and wants]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-6|soil]] |
| − | * [[ | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|soil erosion]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|soil erosion]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-7|soil formation]] | * [[HS-ESS2-7|soil formation]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|solar flares]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|solar flares]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-4|solar output]] | * [[HS-ESS2-4|solar output]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-6|solar system]] | * [[HS-ESS1-6|solar system]] | ||
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|solubility]] |
* [[HS-ESS1-1|space weather]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|space weather]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|spatial scales]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|spatial scales]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-4|species diversity]] | * [[HS-ESS3-4|species diversity]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|stars]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|stars]] | ||
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]] | |
| − | |||
| − | * [[HS-ESS2- | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream deposition]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|stream deposition]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-5|stream transportation]] | * [[HS-ESS2-5|stream transportation]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|strength of tides]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|stromatolites]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ETS1-2|sub-problems]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|subduction]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sun’s core]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|sun’s core]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-1|sunspot cycle]] | * [[HS-ESS1-1|sunspot cycle]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-3|supernova]] | * [[HS-ESS1-3|supernova]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|surface mining]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|surface processes]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|surface processes]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|surface temperature]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|surface temperature]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]] |
* [[HS-ESS3-2|sustainability]] | * [[HS-ESS3-2|sustainability]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|system feedback]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|system feedback]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == T == | + | === T === |
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|technological solution]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|tectonic events]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|tectonic uplift]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|tectonic uplift]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|temporal scales]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|temporal scales]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-3|thermal convection]] | * [[HS-ESS2-3|thermal convection]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|tides]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|timescale]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|tornadoes]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ETS1-3|trade-offs]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-1|trenches]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS3-1|tsunamis]] | |
| − | == U == | + | * [[HS-ESS1-7|types of eclipses]] |
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|uneven heating]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5|unifying theory]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS1-2|universe]] | * [[HS-ESS1-2|universe]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-3|unstable isotopes]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS3-4|urban development]] |
* [[HS-ESS3-3|urban planning]] | * [[HS-ESS3-3|urban planning]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == V == | + | === V === |
* [[HS-ESS2-1|valleys]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|valleys]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic activity]] |
| − | + | * [[HS-ESS2-4|volcanic ash clouds]] | |
| − | * [[ | ||
* [[HS-ESS3-1|volcanic eruptions]] | * [[HS-ESS3-1|volcanic eruptions]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|volcanism]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|volcanism]] | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | == W == | + | === W === |
| − | * [[HS- | + | * [[HS-ESS3-3|waste management]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS1-2|wavelength]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|weather conditions]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[HS-ESS2-8|weather patterns]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[HS-ESS2-1|weathering]] | * [[HS-ESS2-1|weathering]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7|weathering rates]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland extent]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland loss]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|wetland loss]] | ||
* [[HS-ESS2-2|wetlands]] | * [[HS-ESS2-2|wetlands]] | ||
| − | < | + | |
| − | == | + | == Vocabulary from released exams == |
| − | < | + | Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster: the five sample clusters NYSED published in 2024 and the June 2025, August 2025, January 2026, June 2026 and August 2026 exams. The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question, usually the one that defines it. Named places, materials and objects are listed in their own sections below. |
| − | == | + | === A === |
| − | < | + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|abrasives]] – Jan 2026 |
| − | == | + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q3|absolute dating]] – June 2025 |
| − | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2| | + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|absolute magnitude]] – June 2025 |
| − | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2| | + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q4|absorption lines]] – June 2026 |
| − | < | + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|abyssal plain]] – Aug 2026 |
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|accretion]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|accretionary wedge]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|acid mine drainage]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|acid rain]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|acidic]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|active volcanoes]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|aerosols]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|age of the universe]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|agricultural runoff]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|air mass source region]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q2|air pollution]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|air quality]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|air-sea gas exchange]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|albedo]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q4|albedo effect]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|algae]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|algal bloom]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|alkaline]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q4|angular diameter]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|annular solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|anomaly]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|aphelion]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|apogean spring tides]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apogee]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|apparent brightness]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|apparent size]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|aquifer]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|arable land]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|archipelago]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|arthropod]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|artificial impacts]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|asthenosphere]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q5|atmospheric oxygen]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|atmospheric pressure]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|auto exhaust]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === B === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q3|bacteria]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|banded iron formations]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|barrier island]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|barrier sand bar]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|basin]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|bedrock]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|binary star system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|bioaccumulation]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|biomass fuel]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|black hole]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|black smokers]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|blending ratio]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|blue-shift]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|brackish water]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|breakwaters]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|brine]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|burial]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|butte]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === C === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|calthemite straws]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|canyon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|carbon emissions]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q2|carbon footprint]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|carbon mineralization]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|carbon sinks]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|carbon uptake]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Doggerland#q3|carbon-14]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonate ions]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|caves]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|cementation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|central uplift]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|Cepheid variable]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|chromosphere]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|cladogram]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|climate zone]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|coastal flooding]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q4|cold front]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|comets]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|common ancestor]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|compaction]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|compressional wave velocity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|condensation nuclei]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|constellation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|contaminated sediments]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental antarctic (cAA)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental arctic (cA)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|continental drift]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental polar (cP)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|continental rift zone]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|continental shelf]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|continental tropical (cT)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|convective zone]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|convergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|corona]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|coronal mass ejection]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|craton]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|crescent phase]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|crystal lattice]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|crystallization]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|cyanobacteria]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === D === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|dams]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|decay product]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|decomposition]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|deforestation]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q5|degassing pipes]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q4|desertification]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|dissolution]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|dissolved oxygen]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|divergent plate boundary]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|drainage basin]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|dredging]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|drill core]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|drinking water]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|dropstones]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|dunes]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === E === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|early warning system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|Earth’s rotation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|earthquake swarm]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|eccentricity]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|ecliptic]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|eddies]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|ejecta]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|emissions]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|Energy Return on Investment (EROI)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|enhanced rock weathering]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|eolian]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Equator]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|eruption column]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|estuary]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|eurypterid]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|evaporation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|evapotranspiration]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|extinct volcanoes]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q1|extrasolar planets]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === F === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|fast carbon cycle]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|fault]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|felsic]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Ferrel Cell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|first quarter moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood basalts]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|flood plain]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|folding]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|food chain]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|fossil forest]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|fossil fuel reserves]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|fossils]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|fracture zone]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|free oxygen]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|freeze-thaw cycles]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|full moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === G === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q5|gamma-ray burst]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|geologic epoch]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|geologic periods]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|geologic time]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|geothermal energy]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|geothermal gradient]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|ghost forest]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|giant impact hypothesis]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|glacial melting]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|glaciation]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|global warming]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|gorge]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|granitic plutons]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|gravitational collapse]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|gravitational field strength]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|gravitational force]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|gravity]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|greenhouse gas emissions]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|groundwater contamination]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q4|growth lines]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === H === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Hadley Cell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|hardness]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|hazard map]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heat wave]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|heating and cooling degree days]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|helium flash]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|high tide]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|horse latitudes]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|hot spot]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Hubble's Law]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|hydroelectric energy]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|hydrothermal vents]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxia]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|hypoxic zone]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === I === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|ice extent]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|ice sheet]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|ice volcanoes]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|ice-core data]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|igneous intrusions]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|impact craters]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|impermeable]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|index fossils]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|inflation]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|infrared radiation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|inlet]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|inner planets]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|inorganic carbon]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|intrusive igneous rock]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q2|irrigation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|island arc]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|island chain]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q3|isobars]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|isolines]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q2|isotherms]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === J === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|jet stream]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|Jovian planets]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === K === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|kiln]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Bennu#q3|kinetic impactor]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === L === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|land bridge]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|land use]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|landfall]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q2|landslides]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|last quarter moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q2|late heavy bombardment]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|latitude]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lava]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lava flows]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Leavitt's Law]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|life cycle emissions]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|lithification]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|lithosphere]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|lithospheric plates]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|low tide]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|lower mantle]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q3|luminosity]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar crust]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|lunar highlands]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === M === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|mafic]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|magma]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|magma chamber]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic field reversal]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|magnetic minerals]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q3|magnetic polarity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|magnetism]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|main sequence]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|mantle plume]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mare]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|marine calcifiers]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q5|marine cloud brightening (MCB)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime equatorial (mE)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime polar (mP)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|maritime tropical (mT)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q3|mass extinction]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q4|mechanical weathering]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|megafires]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|mesa]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|metamorphism]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|meteorite impacts]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|meteorologist]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|methane]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|microfossils]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q3|microplastics]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|microplate]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|mineral weathering]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|molten rock]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|moon formation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|moonquake]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|moraine]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|mountain range]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|multiple-star system]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === N === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|natural disaster]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|neap tide]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|nested deep moonquakes]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|neutron star]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|new moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|non-renewable resource]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|Northern Hemisphere]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|nuclear energy]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === O === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|obliquity]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q1|observable universe]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|ocean currents]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|ocean gyres]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|ocean heat content]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|open pit mine]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|orbital period]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|orbital speed]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q5|orbital velocity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q6|over-pumping]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|overgrazing]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === P === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|paleomap]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|Pangea]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|parent isotope]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q3|partial melting]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|peninsula]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q3|perigean spring tides]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|perigee]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q3|perihelion]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|period of revolution]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|permafrost]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q2|pH scale]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q5|phases of Venus]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|photosphere]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|photosynthesis]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|physical weathering]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|planetary body]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|planetary nebula]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|planetary wind]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|plant cover]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|plasma]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|plastic pollution]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|Polar Cell]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Easterlies]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Polar Front Jet Stream]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Conditions of a Polar Vortex Event#q1|polar vortex]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|population growth]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q5|power grid]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|precipitate]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|prevailing westerlies]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q4|Principle of Superposition]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|proto-Earth]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|pumped storage reservoir]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|pyroclastic flow]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Q === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|quarry]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === R === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|radiative zone]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|radio telescope]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|radioactive isotopes]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|rate of erosion]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|recessional velocity]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|reclamation]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red dwarf]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|red giant]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|red supergiant]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|reflectivity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|renewable resource]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|respiration]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|rift zone]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|rifting]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|rigid mantle]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|river discharge]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|river valley]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|rock-forming minerals]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q3|rotational period]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === S === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|saline aquifer]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q3|salinity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|salt front]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|salt marsh]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|saltwater intrusion]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|sand fencing]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|sand mining]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Saros series]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|sea ice]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|sea level rise]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sea-floor spreading]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|seawall]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sediment]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q4|sedimentation]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|seismic activity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q6|shallow moonquakes]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|shear wave velocity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|shield volcano]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q5|shoreline]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate weathering]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|slow carbon cycle]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|slump blocks]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|snow cover]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q2|snowmelt]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q3|snowpack]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|soil carbon]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|solar cycle]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|solar energy]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|solar evaporation ponds]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|solar mass]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|solar radiation]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|solar wind]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|specific heat]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|spectral class]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|spectrograph]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q2|spring tide]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Power of Water#q2|stalactites]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|states of matter]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|steering flow]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q5|stellar evolution]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|storm surge]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|storm track]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|stratosphere]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|stratovolcano]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|streak]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|streamflow]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|subatomic particles]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|subducting plate]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|subduction zone]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|submarine volcano]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q4|subsidence]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|supercontinent]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Superfund site]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|supergiant]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|supermoon]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q3|surface ocean currents]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|surface trench]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === T === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|tailings]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tailpipe emissions]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|temperature anomaly]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q1|terrestrial planets]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|thermal expansion]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q2|thermonuclear reactions]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal bulge]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|tidal friction]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|total solar eclipse]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|total solar irradiance]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q2|trade winds]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Bennu#q3|trajectory]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|transform plate boundary]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q1|transit]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|transition zone]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|transpiration]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|tributary]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|tropical storm]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q4|troposphere]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|tsunami deposits]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === U === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q5|ultramafic]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|ultraviolet radiation]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|universal gravitational constant]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|upper mantle]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q3|urbanization]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === V === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|velocity]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q2|visible light]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|volcanic arc]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|volcano]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === W === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning crescent moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waning gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|water cycle]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|water flux]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q4|water quality]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q2|water table]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q2|water vapor]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q4|waterfall]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|watershed]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing crescent moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|waxing gibbous moon]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q1|white dwarf]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|wildfire]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q5|wind erosion]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|wind speed]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Y === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Yarkovsky Effect]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|yellow dwarf star]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Z === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q2|zodiac constellations]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Geologic time and named events == | ||
| + | Named geologic periods, epochs and events from the released clusters, in alphabetical order. | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Cambrian explosion]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q1|Carboniferous Period]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Devonian Period]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|Great Oxidation Event]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian ice ages]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|Industrial Revolution]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Late Cretaceous and Early Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Late Devonian Period]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Little Ice Age]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q3|Maunder Minimum]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Ordovician]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Paleozoic and Mesozoic]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Permian]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q3|Permian mass extinction]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q2|Pleistocene, Miocene and Eocene epochs]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|Silurian]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Earth materials == | ||
| + | Rocks, minerals, elements, resources and pollutants named in the standards and the released clusters, grouped by source. | ||
| + | * '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-2|hydrogen]], [[HS-ESS1-2|helium]], [[HS-ESS1-2|iron]], [[HS-ESS2-3|igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|minerals]], [[HS-ESS1-6|moon rocks]], [[HS-ESS1-6|meteorites]], [[HS-ESS3-1|fossil fuels]], [[HS-ESS3-2|coal]], [[HS-ESS3-2|tar sands]], [[HS-ESS3-2|oil shales]], [[HS-ESS3-2|petroleum]], [[HS-ESS3-2|natural gas]], [[HS-ESS3-4|biomass]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Sample clusters === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|olivine]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|pyroxene]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|garnet]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|spinel]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|feldspar]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|quartz]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|magnesium and iron-bearing silicates]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q3|uranium, thorium and potassium]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|basalt]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|zircon]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|silicon, oxygen and zirconium]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q2|beach sand, river sediments and wind (eolian) deposits]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q3|uranium-238 and lead-206]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|hydrogen, helium, lithium and beryllium]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|lithium]], [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q5|lithium carbonate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q1|rebar]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|quartzite, granite, marble and gneiss]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q2|limestone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q4|pyrite]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|sandstones and mudstones]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide|Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]]''': [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q3|bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|olivine]], [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q5|calcium carbonate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === January 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q1|magnetite, olivine, garnet and hematite]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|limestone and dolostone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q2|crushed stone]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|aggregates (sand, gravel and crushed stone)]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|emulsifier]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q4|recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|peat]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|shale, sandstone and limestone]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|copper, nickel, zinc and rare Earth minerals]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|peat, brown coal, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle|The Slow Carbon Cycle]]''': [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q1|limestone and shale]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|silicate rocks and carbonate rocks]], [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|granite and basalt]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q2|sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen (SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, N<sub>2</sub>)]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q3|calcite and basaltic rock]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|limestone and clay]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|clinker]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|gypsum]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Portland cement]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q4|potassium feldspar, olivine, pyroxene and quartz]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q4|granite, peridotite, conglomerate and schist]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|basalt]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|basaltic lava and volcaniclastic rocks]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|sulfur dioxide]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q4|wollastonite, talc and rare-earth elements]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|zircon crystals]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|granite]], [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q2|uranium-238 and uranium-235]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|basalt]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q3|plagioclase feldspar]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|concrete]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|cement]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|sand and gravel]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q1|limestone (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Places, features and people == | ||
| + | Named places, landforms, plates, currents and people the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about. [[HS-ESS2-1]] notes that assessment "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features", so these are context, not content to memorize. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Sample clusters === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior|Modeling of Earth's Interior]]''': [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Juan de Fuca Ridge]], [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|Vancouver Island]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics|Plate Tectonics]]''': [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Alfred Wegener]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Appalachian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Caledonian Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Central Pangean Mountains]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q1|Greenland]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Atlantic Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Pacific Coast]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Gulf of Mexico]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Hudson Bay]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|North America]], [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|Rocky Mountains]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth|The Effect of The Moon on Earth]]''': [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q1|North Pole]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|France]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance River]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q3|La Rance Tidal Barrage]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|New York State]], [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Vanderpool, Texas]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate|Earth's Climate]]''': [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q1|Arctic Ocean]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Arctic Circle]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Bering Sea]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|Sea of Okhotsk]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|East Greenland Current]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Northern Europe]], [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q5|Norwegian Current]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change|Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change]]''': [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|Gulf Stream]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|Edwin Hubble]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York State's Hudson River|New York State's Hudson River]]''': [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Hudson River Estuary]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Mohawk River]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|Adirondacks]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|New York Harbor]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Hudson Falls]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Fort Edward]], [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|Thompson Island Pool]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium|Mining and Use of Lithium]]''': [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q4|Atacama region of Chile]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q4|Namibia]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands|Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands]]''': [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Pacific Plate]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Hawaiian Islands]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Mauna Loa]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Kilauea]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Loihi]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Aleutian Trench]], [[Questions:Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands#q1|Tonga Trench]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2025 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Power of Water|The Power of Water]]''': [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Niagara River]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Horseshoe Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|American Falls]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Ontario]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q3|Lake Erie]], [[Questions:The Power of Water#q4|Niagara Gorge]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Horse Latitudes|Horse Latitudes]]''': [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q3|Utica, New York]], [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q4|Bermuda High]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Upper Glacial, Magothy and Lloyd aquifers]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Long Island Sound]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|Fire Island]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex|Northern New York's Pyrites Complex]]''': [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Pyrites Complex]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Northwest Lowlands]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Carthage-Colton Mylonite Zone]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Adirondack Mountains]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|Tug Hill Plateau]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|St. Lawrence River]], [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q3|Adirondack Lowlands]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|Montauk Harbor]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation|Dams and Flood Mitigation]]''': [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Kootenai River]], [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|Libby Dam]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note|New York State Fossils of Note]]''': [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Gilboa, New York]], [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q4|Riverside Quarry]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === January 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash|Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash]]''': [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Great Pacific Garbage Patch]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Gyre]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Kuroshio Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|California Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|North Pacific Current]], [[Questions:Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash#q1|Alaska Current]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems|Evolution of Early Earth Systems]]''': [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q2|Huronian Supergroup]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State|Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State]]''': [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Woodbourne Flats Mine]], [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|Neversink River]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Doggerland|Doggerland]]''': [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Doggerland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|North Sea]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Shetland Islands]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q1|Dublin, Ireland]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Storegga Slide]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q2|Hommelstø]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|English Channel]], [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|Channel Tunnel]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Greenland ice sheet]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Baffin Bay]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Labrador Sea]], [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|Denmark Strait]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Letchworth Gorge]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Genesee River]], [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q1|Mount Morris Dam]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources|Energy and Mineral Resources]]''': [[Questions:Energy and Mineral Resources#q1|Kennecott Utah Copper Mine]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Carboniferous Period|The Carboniferous Period]]''': [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Gondwana]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Laurussia]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Paleo-Tethys Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q3|Rheic Ocean]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Erie-Ontario Lowlands]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Hudson River Valley]], [[Questions:The Carboniferous Period#q5|Allegheny Plateau]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === June 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Iceland Hotspot|Iceland Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Iceland]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q1|Reykjanes Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|East Pacific Rise]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Cocos Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q2|Nazca Plate]], [[Questions:Iceland Hotspot#q3|Eyjafjallajökull]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems|The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems]]''': [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Krakatoa]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Mt. Pinatubo]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Eurasian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Philippine Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Indian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Australian Plate]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q1|Java Trench]], [[Questions:The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems#q4|Mt. Merapi]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry|New York’s Concrete Industry]]''': [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|Manhattan Prong]], [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q1|St. Lawrence Valley]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]]''': [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Lake Nyos]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Cameroon]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Oku Volcanic Field]], [[Questions:Lake Nyos#q1|Mt. Cameroon]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific|The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific]]''': [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Plate]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|Mariana Trench]], [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q1|West Mariana Ridge]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Siberian Traps|The Siberian Traps]]''': [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Siberian Traps]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|Anabar Shield]], [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q3|Norilsk, Russia]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === August 2026 exam === | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Cyclic Patterns|Cyclic Patterns]]''': [[Questions:Cyclic Patterns#q1|Jones Inlet, New York]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Chesapeake Bay]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot|Canary Islands Hotspot]]''': [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Canary Islands]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|La Palma]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Tenerife]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|Gran Canaria]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|El Hierro]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q1|African Plate]], [[Questions:Canary Islands Hotspot#q5|Cumbre Vieja]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River|Dams on the Colorado River]]''': [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Colorado River]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Hoover Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Glen Canyon Dam]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Mead]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|Lake Powell]], [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q4|Grand Canyon]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry|Carbon Emissions in Industry]]''': [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Yangtze River]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q3|Lake Poyang]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Kingston]], [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q4|Albany]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Aral Sea Region|The Aral Sea Region]]''': [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Aral Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Amu Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Syr Darya]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q1|Kok-Aral Dam]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Caspian Sea]], [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q5|Volga River]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Gulf|The Gulf]]''': [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Gulf of America]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|Mississippi River]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q2|Loop Current]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Laurasia]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Gondwanaland]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q3|Tethys Sea]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Galveston, Texas]], [[Questions:The Gulf#q4|Houston Ship Channel]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024|Full Supermoon Events in 2024]]''': [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q4|Plattsburgh, New York]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai]], [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|Reunion Island]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe|Stars and Elements in the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Elements in the Universe#q3|Henrietta Leavitt]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Stars, planets and other celestial objects === | ||
| + | ==== Sample clusters ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon|Theia and the Moon]]''': [[Questions:ESS Theia and the Moon#q1|Theia]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2025 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Our Sun – A Star|Our Sun – A Star]]''': [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mercury]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Venus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Mars]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Jupiter]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Saturn]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Uranus]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Neptune]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|Pluto]], [[Questions:Our Sun – A Star#q3|asteroid belt]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang|Stars and the Big Bang]]''': [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Spica]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Betelgeuse]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Aldebaran]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Sirius B]], [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q1|Wolf 359]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== August 2025 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Methuselah]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Milky Way Galaxy]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q3|Libra]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?|How Did Earth Get Its Water?]]''': [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Enceladus]], [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q1|Oort cloud]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Earth-Moon History|Earth-Moon History]]''': [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Oceanus Procellarum]], [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q5|Imbrium Basin]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== January 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Charon]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Styx]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Nix]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Kerberos]], [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q1|Hydra]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|Bennu]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Dimorphos]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution|Stars and Stellar Evolution]]''': [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Andromeda Galaxy (M31)]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Almach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Mirach]], [[Questions:Stars and Stellar Evolution#q1|Alpheratz]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)|The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]]''': [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|WD 1202-232]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|21 Lyncis]], [[Questions:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)#q4|Quyllur]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16b]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Lacaille 9352]], [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q4|Gliese 725 B]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Spacecraft, telescopes, instruments and data sources === | ||
| + | * '''From the standards''': [[HS-ESS1-4|human-made satellites]], [[HS-ESS2-3|deep probes]], [[HS-ESS2-3|high-pressure laboratory experiments]], [[HS-ESS2-5|stream table]], [[HS-ESS2-8|station models]], [[HS-ESS2-8|surface weather maps]], [[HS-ESS2-8|satellite images]], [[HS-ESS2-8|radar]], [[HS-ESS2-8|forecast models]], [[HS-ESS3-5|global climate models]], [[HS-ETS1-4|computer simulation]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2025 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Human Impact on Earth|Human Impact on Earth]]''': [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|EN-ROADS simulator]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== August 2025 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe|Telescopes and the History of the Universe]]''': [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|Hubble Space Telescope (HST)]], [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q1|James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== January 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:The Moons of Pluto|The Moons of Pluto]]''': [[Questions:The Moons of Pluto#q5|U.S. Naval Observatory]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice|Greenland's Glacial Ice]]''': [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q1|GISP2 drill]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Bennu|Bennu]]''': [[Questions:Bennu#q1|OSIRIS-REx]], [[Questions:Bennu#q3|Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park|Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park]]''': [[Questions:Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park#q3|stream monitoring stations]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== June 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Planetary Transits|Planetary Transits]]''': [[Questions:Planetary Transits#q3|Kepler space telescope]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== August 2026 exam ==== | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event|Chesapeake Bay Impact Event]]''': [[Questions:Chesapeake Bay Impact Event#q1|Langley drill core]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator|Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator]]''': [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|tide gauges and satellite measurements]] | ||
| + | * '''[[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano|Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano]]''': [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|weather balloons]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Reference tables == | ||
| + | The NYSED [[Earth and Space Science Reference Tables|reference tables]] listed on each standard's page. | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-2]]: [[Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum Related to Earth and Space Sciences]], [[Emission Spectra of Some Elements from Stars]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-3]]: [[Generalized Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star]], [[H-R Diagram]], [[Life Cycles of Stars Model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-4]]: [[Solar System Objects Data Table]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-5]]: [[Locations of Selected Hotspots]], [[Global Tectonic Activity of the Last One Million Years]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS1-6]]: [[Geologically Important Radioactive Elements Used for Radiometric Dating]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-1]]: [[Generalized Surface Bedrock Geology of New York State]], [[Geographic Province and Landscape Regions of New York State]], [[Generalized Cross Section Model of Earth's Surface and Interior]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-3]]: [[Model of Earth's Interior Structure]], [[Model of Bowen's Reaction Series]], [[Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks]], [[Mineral Identification Flowchart]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-4]]: [[Surface Ocean Currents Model]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-5]]: [[Rock Cycle Infographic]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-7]]: [[Geologic History of New York State]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS2-8]]: [[Key to Weather Map Symbols]], [[Model of Generalized Planetary Wind Belts in the Troposphere]], [[Cross Section Model of Earth's Lower Atmosphere]] | ||
| + | * [[HS-ESS3-1]]: [[Energy and Mineral Resources of New York State]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Equations and units == | ||
| + | The standards name no equations or units. These are the relationships and units used in the released questions and their scoring rubrics; each links to the question it comes from. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Equations and relationships === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Telescopes and the History of the Universe#q4|''g'' = ''Gm<sub>E</sub>''/''r''<sup>2</sup> (gravitational field strength at a distance ''r'' from Earth's center)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|<sup>2</sup>H + <sup>3</sup>He → <sup>4</sup>He + neutron + energy (a fusion reaction in the Sun's core)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O forms carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Slow Carbon Cycle#q2|carbon dioxide + water + silicate rocks → ions (silicate weathering)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Units === | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|kilometer (km) and kilometers per second (km/sec)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q5|millions of years]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|million years ago (Ma)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q5|billions of years]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q4|kelvin (K)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Plate Tectonics#q6|kilograms per year (kg/yr)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q4|percent (%)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:ESS Earth's Climate#q4|miles (mi), miles per year (mi/yr) and kilometers per year (km/yr)]] – Sample 2024 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|degrees (°) of tilt]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q4|meters of water equivalent]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|parts per million (ppm)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|degrees Celsius (°C)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q5|CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q1|metric tons]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q2|gigatons (GT) per year]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Carbon Cycle#q4|years before present]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q2|light-year]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|megaparsec (Mpc)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Stars and the Big Bang#q4|seconds (s)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q1|square miles]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|Hudson River Mile (HRM)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q2|milligrams per liter (mg/L)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State's Hudson River#q4|milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q2|Earth days]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Origin of Our Solar System#q4|centimeters per year (cm/yr)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q1|tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO<sub>2</sub>e)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mining and Use of Lithium#q3|cubic meters (m<sup>3</sup>) and square meters (m<sup>2</sup>)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Ghost Forests#q1|millimeters (mm)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q1|gigatons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per year]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q2|terawatt hours (TWh)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Human Impact on Earth#q3|hectare (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)]] – June 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q1|degrees Fahrenheit (°F)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Energy in the Sun#q3|watts per square meter (W/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q1|degrees of latitude (°N, °S)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Horse Latitudes#q5|knots]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q4|grams per square meter per hour]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:How Did Earth Get Its Water?#q5|million gallons per day]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Northern New York's Pyrites Complex#q1|billion years ago (by)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth-Moon History#q1|feet (ft)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q1|cubic meters per second (m<sup>3</sup>/s)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams and Flood Mitigation#q5|inches]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q1|millions of years ago (mya)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York State Fossils of Note#q5|meters (m)]] – Aug 2025 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|billion years ago (Ga)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Evidence for the Big Bang Theory#q2|parsec (1 parsec = 3.26 light-years)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q3|acres]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State#q5|kilograms of CO<sub>2</sub> per square meter (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Bennu#q1|astronomical unit (AU)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q2|gigatons (Gt), or billions of tons]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|parts per thousand (ppt)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Doggerland#q4|grams per kilometer (g/km)]] – Jan 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Siberian Traps#q1|cubic kilometers]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific#q5|kilobar]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:New York’s Concrete Industry#q4|grams per milliliter (g/mL)]] – June 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator#q1|joules]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q1|acre-foot]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Dams on the Colorado River#q3|millions of acre-feet (maf)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Carbon Emissions in Industry#q2|gigatons of carbon (GtC)]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Aral Sea Region#q3|millions of hectares]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:The Gulf#q1|square kilometers]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Full Supermoon Events in 2024#q1|arc minutes]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | * [[Questions:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano#q1|ppmv]] – Aug 2026 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Implied terms == | ||
| + | These terms are '''not''' named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes or describes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: [[HS-ESS1-1]] "does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the Sun's nuclear fusion"; for [[HS-ESS1-3]], "Details of the many different nucleosynthesis pathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed"; [[HS-ESS1-4]] "should not deal with more than two bodies, nor involve calculus"; [[HS-ESS1-7]] "does not include mathematical computations"; [[HS-ESS2-1]] "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features of Earth's surface"; [[HS-ESS2-4]] is "limited to changes in surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, glacial ice volumes, sea levels, and biosphere distribution"; [[HS-ESS2-7]] "does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems"; [[HS-ESS2-8]] "is limited to surface weather maps and general weather patterns associated with high and low pressure systems"; [[HS-ESS3-3]] is "limited to using provided multi-parameter programs or constructing simplified spreadsheet calculations"; [[HS-ESS3-5]] "is limited to one example of a climate change and its associated impacts"; and [[HS-ESS3-6]] "does not include running computational representations". | ||
| + | * '''energy balance (Earth's energy budget)''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate." The [[Questions:Evolution of Early Earth Systems#q1|January 2026 Evolution of Early Earth Systems]] cluster compares the energy reaching Earth, the energy reflected from its surface and the energy absorbed by its atmosphere. Neither names the balance. | ||
| + | * '''greenhouse effect''' – [[HS-ESS2-2]] describes "how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures", and the [[Questions:Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide#q1|August 2025 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide]] rubric credits explaining that more carbon dioxide let less energy flow out of the atmosphere. The phrase itself is never used. | ||
| + | * '''lunar eclipse''' – [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks how the relative positions of the moon, Earth and Sun cause "types of eclipses"; the released questions show only solar eclipses (annular and total, [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q6|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]]). | ||
| + | * '''Milankovitch cycles''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]]: "Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet's axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on the earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages". The [[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q1|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]] cluster describes the 41,000-year obliquity cycle without naming Milankovitch. | ||
| + | * '''P-waves and S-waves''' – the [[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q1|Sample 2024 Modeling of Earth's Interior]] cluster graphs compressional-wave (''V<sub>p</sub>'') and shear-wave (''V<sub>s</sub>'') velocities through Earth's layers, and a rubric in the same cluster ([[Questions:ESS Modeling of Earths Interior#q2|question 2]]) credits the idea that shear waves cannot travel through the liquid outer core. [[HS-ESS2-3]] names only "seismic waves". | ||
| + | * '''thermohaline circulation''' – [[HS-ESS2-4]] lists "ocean circulation" among the causes of climate change, and two clusters model it as driven by density: cold Arctic water sinking while meltwater lowers the density of the North Atlantic ([[Questions:Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change#q2|June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems]]), and salinity controlling whether surface water sinks ([[Questions:Greenland's Glacial Ice#q5|January 2026 Greenland's Glacial Ice]]). Neither uses the term. | ||
| + | * '''tidal range''' – the [[Questions:ESS Effect of The Moon on Earth#q2|Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth]] cluster asks how the difference between low tide and high tide will change as the Moon moves away from Earth, and [[HS-ESS1-7]] asks about the "strength of tides". | ||
| + | |||
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Revision as of 02:23, 26 September 2026
This glossary is strictly limited to terms originating from official NYSED materials such as standards and released test questions. Every term links to its source: a performance expectation (for example HS-ESS2-1) means the term, or the wording it is taken from, appears in that standard's text, clarification statement, assessment boundary, disciplinary core ideas or performance level descriptions; an exam cluster means the term appeared in that released question cluster, and the link opens the question. Sections: vocabulary from the standards, vocabulary from released exams, geologic time and named events, Earth materials, places, features and people, celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments, reference tables, equations and units, and terms the standards and exams point to without naming.
Vocabulary from the standards
Terms used in the Earth and space science performance expectations and their supporting NYSED text. This is the core vocabulary; the science-practice and engineering words the standards use (argument, evidence-based forecast, criteria, constraints, trade-offs) are included because the exams use them the same way. Several standards are shared with other courses: HS-ESS1-2 with physics, HS-ESS2-6 and HS-ESS2-7 with biology, and the four engineering design standards (HS-ETS1-1 to HS-ETS1-4) with all four science courses.
A
- absolute ages
- absorption
- agricultural efficiency
- agricultural soil use
- air masses
- ancient Earth materials
- argument
- asteroids
- astronomical evidence
- atmosphere
- atmospheric composition
- atomic nuclei
- axis of rotation
B
- Big Bang theory
- biodiversity
- biogeochemical cycles
- biogeology
- biomass
- biosphere
- biosphere feedback
- blizzards
- brightness
C
- carbon
- carbon cycle
- carbon dioxide
- carbon dioxide concentrations
- celestial bodies
- celestial events
- central ancient core
- characteristic frequencies of light
- chemical weathering
- circulation patterns
- climate change
- climate factors
- climate feedback
- climate system
- coal
- coastal erosion
- coevolution
- collision
- competing design solutions
- complex real-world problem
- composition
- composition of matter
- compositional elements
- computational representation
- computational simulation
- computer simulation
- conceptual modeling
- conservation
- constraints
- constructive processes
- continental crust
- continental features
- continental rocks
- convection currents
- coral reefs
- cosmic microwave background
- cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics
- cost-benefit ratios
- costs and benefits
- cratering record
- criteria
- crust
- crustal rocks
- cryosphere
- cyclical changes
- cycling of carbon
- cycling of matter
D
- dammed rivers
- deep probes
- delta
- density
- deposition
- design solution
- destructive processes
- droughts
- dynamic causes and effects
E
- Earth
- Earth materials
- Earth’s early oceans
- Earth’s formation
- Earth’s interior
- Earth’s layers
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Earth’s orbit
- Earth’s surface
- Earth’s systems
- earthquakes
- eclipse
- ecosystem degradation
- electromagnetic energy
- electromagnetic radiation
- element formation
- elements
- elliptical orbits
- energy and mineral resources
- energy flow
- energy transfer
- energy transfer mechanisms
- erosion
- evidence-based forecast
- evolution of life
- expanding universe
- exponential decay law
F
- feedback
- fertile soils
- floods
- flow of energy
- forecast models
- fossil fuels
- fresh water
- frontal boundaries
- frost wedging
G
- galaxy
- geoengineering
- geologic history
- geologic processes
- geological record
- geoscience data
- geoscience factors
- geoscience problem
- geosphere
- glacial ice
- glacial ice volumes
- glaciers
- global challenge
- global climate models
- global temperatures
- gravitational attraction
- greenhouse gases
- ground vegetation
- groundwater
- groundwater recharge
H
- habitats
- half-life
- heavier elements
- helium
- high and low pressure systems
- high-pressure laboratory experiments
- human activity
- human impacts
- human-made satellites
- humidity
- hurricanes
- hydrogen
- hydrologic cycle
- hydrosphere
I
- ice
- ice ages
- igneous rock
- impacts of human activities
- infiltration
- inner core
- intensity and distribution of sunlight
- interior processes
- internal and surface processes
- interstellar gases
- iron
- isotope
K
L
- lakes
- land features
- land plants
- land surface use
- life cycle
- life span of the sun
- lifetimes of other stars
- light spectra
- livestock
- living organisms
M
- mantle
- mantle convection
- marine populations
- mass
- mass migrations
- mass of a star
- mass wasting
- massive stars
- melt generation
- melting temperature
- metamorphic rock
- meteorites
- microbial life
- microorganisms
- mid-ocean ridges
- migration
- minerals
- mining
- mitigate
- model
- moon
- moon rocks
- motion
- motion of distant galaxies
- mountain
N
- natural gas
- natural hazards
- natural resources
- natural systems
- negative feedback
- neutron
- new technologies
- Newtonian gravity
- non-cyclic variations
- North American continental crust
- nuclear fusion
- nucleosynthesis
O
- observation and experiment
- observations
- ocean
- ocean acidification
- ocean circulation
- ocean floor
- ocean-floor features
- oceanic crust
- oil shales
- orbital motion
- orbiting objects
- ordinary matter
- orientation of its axis
- outer core
- outgassing
- outward flow of energy
- oxygen
- oxygen production
P
- peer review
- per-capita consumption
- permeability
- petroleum
- phases of the moon
- photosynthetic biomass
- photosynthetic life
- physical and chemical properties
- planetary surfaces
- planets
- plate interaction
- plate movements
- plate spreading
- plate tectonic movement
- plate tectonics
- plateaus
- pollutants
- pollution
- porosity
- positive feedback
- precipitation
- precipitation patterns
- prevailing global winds
- primordial radiation
- prioritized criteria
- properties of water
- proton
Q
R
- radar
- radial layers
- radiation
- radioactive decay
- radiometric dating
- receding galaxies
- recrystallization
- recycling
- recycling of Earth materials
- red shift
- reefs
- reflection
- regional climate change
- relative ages
- relative motion
- relative positions
- release energy
- remnant radiation
- residual heat
- resource extraction
- resource management
- reuse
- ridges
- risk mitigation
- river
- rock cycle
- rock record
- rock types
- runoff
S
- satellite images
- satellites
- scientific reasoning
- scientific theory
- sea level
- sea organism health
- sea-floor features
- seamounts
- seasons
- sediment transport
- sedimentary rock
- seismic waves
- severe weather
- shape of Earth’s orbit
- social, cultural, and environmental impacts
- societal needs and wants
- soil
- soil erosion
- soil formation
- solar flares
- solar output
- solar system
- solubility
- space weather
- spatial scales
- species diversity
- stars
- station models
- stream deposition
- stream table
- stream transportation
- strength of tides
- stromatolites
- sub-problems
- subduction
- sun’s core
- sunspot cycle
- supernova
- surface mining
- surface processes
- surface temperature
- surface weather maps
- sustainability
- system feedback
T
- tar sands
- technological solution
- tectonic events
- tectonic uplift
- temporal scales
- thermal convection
- tides
- timescale
- tornadoes
- trade-offs
- trenches
- tsunamis
- types of eclipses
U
V
W
- waste management
- wavelength
- weather conditions
- weather patterns
- weathering
- weathering rates
- wetland extent
- wetland loss
- wetlands
Vocabulary from released exams
Terms that do not appear in the standards' text but have appeared in a released question cluster: the five sample clusters NYSED published in 2024 and the June 2025, August 2025, January 2026, June 2026 and August 2026 exams. The source is noted after each term; the link opens the question. A term used in several clusters is linked to one representative question, usually the one that defines it. Named places, materials and objects are listed in their own sections below.
A
- abrasives – Jan 2026
- absolute dating – June 2025
- absolute magnitude – June 2025
- absorption lines – June 2026
- abyssal plain – Aug 2026
- accretion – Sample 2024
- accretionary wedge – June 2026
- acid mine drainage – Jan 2026
- acid rain – June 2026
- acidic – Aug 2025
- active volcanoes – June 2025
- aerosols – June 2026
- age of the universe – Aug 2025
- agricultural runoff – Aug 2026
- air mass source region – Aug 2025
- air pollution – June 2025
- air quality – June 2026
- air-sea gas exchange – June 2025
- albedo – Sample 2024
- albedo effect – Jan 2026
- algae – Aug 2025
- algal bloom – Aug 2025
- alkaline – Aug 2025
- angular diameter – Aug 2025
- annular solar eclipse – Sample 2024
- anomaly – June 2025
- aphelion – Aug 2025
- apogean spring tides – Aug 2026
- apogee – Aug 2025
- apparent brightness – Aug 2026
- apparent size – Aug 2025
- aquifer – Aug 2025
- arable land – June 2025
- archipelago – Sample 2024
- arthropod – Aug 2025
- artificial impacts – Sample 2024
- asthenosphere – Sample 2024
- atmospheric oxygen – June 2025
- atmospheric pressure – Sample 2024
- auto exhaust – Sample 2024
B
- bacteria – Aug 2025
- banded iron formations – Jan 2026
- barrier island – Aug 2026
- barrier sand bar – Sample 2024
- basin – Sample 2024
- bedrock – Sample 2024
- binary star system – June 2026
- bioaccumulation – Jan 2026
- biomass fuel – June 2025
- black hole – June 2025
- black smokers – Jan 2026
- blending ratio – Jan 2026
- blue-shift – Jan 2026
- brackish water – June 2025
- breakwaters – June 2025
- brine – June 2025
- burial – Sample 2024
- butte – Sample 2024
C
- calthemite straws – Aug 2025
- canyon – Sample 2024
- carbon emissions – Jan 2026
- carbon footprint – June 2026
- carbon mineralization – June 2026
- carbon sinks – June 2025
- carbon uptake – June 2025
- carbon-14 – Jan 2026
- carbonate ions – Aug 2025
- caves – Aug 2025
- cementation – Sample 2024
- central uplift – Aug 2026
- Cepheid variable – Jan 2026
- chromosphere – June 2025
- cladogram – Aug 2025
- climate zone – Aug 2025
- coastal flooding – June 2025
- cold front – June 2026
- comets – Sample 2024
- common ancestor – Aug 2025
- compaction – Sample 2024
- compressional wave velocity – Sample 2024
- condensation – Aug 2026
- condensation nuclei – Aug 2026
- constellation – Aug 2025
- contaminated sediments – June 2025
- continental antarctic (cAA) – Aug 2025
- continental arctic (cA) – Aug 2025
- continental drift – Sample 2024
- continental polar (cP) – Aug 2025
- continental rift zone – Sample 2024
- continental shelf – June 2026
- continental tropical (cT) – Aug 2025
- convective zone – June 2025
- convergent plate boundary – Sample 2024
- corona – June 2025
- coronal mass ejection – June 2025
- craton – June 2026
- crescent phase – June 2025
- crystal lattice – Sample 2024
- crystallization – Sample 2024
- cyanobacteria – Jan 2026
D
- dams – Aug 2025
- decay product – Sample 2024
- decomposition – June 2025
- deforestation – June 2025
- degassing pipes – June 2026
- desertification – Aug 2026
- deuterium – Aug 2025
- deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) – Aug 2025
- dissolution – June 2026
- dissolved oxygen – Aug 2025
- divergent plate boundary – Sample 2024
- drainage basin – Aug 2026
- dredging – June 2025
- drill core – Aug 2026
- drinking water – June 2025
- dropstones – Jan 2026
- dunes – June 2025
E
- early warning system – June 2026
- Earth’s rotation – Sample 2024
- earthquake swarm – Aug 2026
- eccentricity – June 2025
- ecliptic – June 2026
- eddies – Aug 2026
- ejecta – Sample 2024
- emissions – Sample 2024
- Energy Return on Investment (EROI) – Aug 2025
- enhanced rock weathering – June 2026
- eolian – Sample 2024
- Equator – Jan 2026
- eruption column – Aug 2026
- estuary – June 2025
- eurypterid – Aug 2025
- evaporation – Aug 2025
- evapotranspiration – June 2026
- extinct volcanoes – June 2025
- extrasolar planets – June 2026
F
- fast carbon cycle – June 2025
- fault – Sample 2024
- felsic – Sample 2024
- Ferrel Cell – Aug 2026
- first quarter moon – Sample 2024
- flood basalts – Sample 2024
- flood plain – Sample 2024
- folding – Jan 2026
- food chain – Jan 2026
- fossil forest – Aug 2025
- fossil fuel reserves – June 2025
- fossils – Sample 2024
- fracture zone – June 2026
- free oxygen – Jan 2026
- freeze-thaw cycles – Aug 2025
- full moon – Sample 2024
G
- gamma-ray burst – June 2026
- geologic epoch – Aug 2026
- geologic periods – Aug 2025
- geologic time – Sample 2024
- geothermal energy – June 2026
- geothermal gradient – Sample 2024
- ghost forest – June 2025
- giant impact hypothesis – Sample 2024
- glacial melting – June 2025
- glaciation – Jan 2026
- global warming – Jan 2026
- gorge – Jan 2026
- granitic plutons – Aug 2025
- gravitational collapse – Aug 2025
- gravitational field strength – Aug 2025
- gravitational force – Sample 2024
- gravity – June 2025
- greenhouse gas emissions – June 2025
- groundwater contamination – Jan 2026
- growth lines – Aug 2026
H
- Hadley Cell – Aug 2026
- hardness – Sample 2024
- hazard map – June 2026
- heat wave – Aug 2026
- heating and cooling degree days – Aug 2026
- helium flash – June 2026
- Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram – June 2025
- high tide – Sample 2024
- horse latitudes – Aug 2025
- hot spot – Sample 2024
- Hubble's Law – June 2025
- hydroelectric energy – Sample 2024
- hydrothermal vents – Jan 2026
- hypoxia – Aug 2026
- hypoxic zone – Aug 2026
I
- ice extent – Sample 2024
- ice sheet – Jan 2026
- ice volcanoes – Jan 2026
- ice-core data – June 2025
- igneous intrusions – Aug 2025
- impact craters – Sample 2024
- impermeable – June 2026
- index fossils – Jan 2026
- inflation – Jan 2026
- infrared radiation – Aug 2025
- inlet – Sample 2024
- inner planets – Sample 2024
- inorganic carbon – June 2025
- Intertropical Convergence Zone – Aug 2026
- intrusive igneous rock – Aug 2025
- irrigation – Aug 2025
- island arc – Sample 2024
- island chain – June 2025
- isobars – June 2026
- isolines – Aug 2026
- isotherms – June 2026
J
- jet stream – June 2026
- Jovian planets – June 2025
K
- kiln – June 2026
- kinetic impactor – Jan 2026
L
- land bridge – Jan 2026
- land use – June 2025
- landfall – Aug 2025
- landslides – Jan 2026
- last quarter moon – Sample 2024
- late heavy bombardment – Sample 2024
- latitude – Aug 2025
- lava – Sample 2024
- lava flows – Sample 2024
- Leavitt's Law – Aug 2026
- life cycle emissions – June 2025
- lithification – June 2026
- lithosphere – Sample 2024
- lithospheric plates – Sample 2024
- low tide – Sample 2024
- lower mantle – Sample 2024
- luminosity – June 2026
- lunar crust – Sample 2024
- lunar highlands – Sample 2024
M
- mafic – Aug 2026
- magma – Sample 2024
- magma chamber – June 2026
- magnetic field reversal – Sample 2024
- magnetic minerals – Sample 2024
- magnetic polarity – Sample 2024
- magnetism – Sample 2024
- main sequence – June 2025
- mantle plume – June 2026
- mare – Sample 2024
- marine calcifiers – Aug 2025
- marine cloud brightening (MCB) – Aug 2026
- maritime equatorial (mE) – Aug 2025
- maritime polar (mP) – Aug 2025
- maritime tropical (mT) – Aug 2025
- mass extinction – Aug 2025
- mechanical weathering – June 2026
- megafires – June 2025
- mesa – Sample 2024
- metamorphism – Sample 2024
- meteorite impacts – Sample 2024
- meteorologist – Aug 2025
- methane – Sample 2024
- microfossils – Jan 2026
- microplastics – Jan 2026
- microplate – June 2026
- mineral weathering – Aug 2025
- molten rock – Sample 2024
- moon formation – Sample 2024
- moonquake – Sample 2024
- moraine – Sample 2024
- mountain range – Sample 2024
- multiple-star system – June 2026
N
- natural disaster – Aug 2026
- neap tide – Aug 2026
- nested deep moonquakes – Sample 2024
- neutron star – June 2025
- new moon – Sample 2024
- non-renewable resource – Sample 2024
- Northern Hemisphere – June 2026
- nuclear energy – Sample 2024
O
- obliquity – June 2025
- observable universe – Jan 2026
- ocean currents – June 2025
- ocean gyres – Jan 2026
- ocean heat content – Aug 2026
- open pit mine – June 2025
- orbital period – Aug 2025
- orbital speed – June 2025
- orbital velocity – Sample 2024
- over-pumping – Aug 2025
- overgrazing – June 2025
P
- paleomap – Aug 2025
- Pangea – Sample 2024
- parent isotope – Aug 2026
- partial melting – June 2026
- peninsula – Sample 2024
- perigean spring tides – Aug 2026
- perigee – Aug 2026
- perihelion – Aug 2025
- period of revolution – June 2025
- permafrost – Sample 2024
- pH scale – Aug 2025
- phases of Venus – June 2025
- photosphere – June 2025
- photosynthesis – June 2025
- physical weathering – June 2026
- planetary body – Sample 2024
- planetary nebula – June 2025
- planetary wind – Aug 2025
- plant cover – Aug 2025
- plasma – June 2025
- plastic pollution – Jan 2026
- Polar Cell – Aug 2026
- Polar Easterlies – Sample 2024
- Polar Front Jet Stream – Sample 2024
- polar vortex – June 2026
- population growth – June 2025
- power grid – Aug 2025
- precipitate – Aug 2025
- prevailing westerlies – Aug 2025
- Principle of Superposition – Aug 2026
- proto-Earth – Sample 2024
- pumped storage reservoir – Aug 2025
- pyroclastic flow – June 2026
Q
- quarry – Aug 2026
R
- radiative zone – June 2025
- radio telescope – Aug 2025
- radioactive isotopes – Sample 2024
- rate of erosion – Aug 2025
- recessional velocity – Jan 2026
- reclamation – Jan 2026
- red dwarf – June 2025
- red giant – June 2025
- red supergiant – June 2025
- reflectivity – Sample 2024
- renewable resource – Sample 2024
- respiration – June 2025
- rift zone – June 2026
- rifting – Sample 2024
- rigid mantle – Sample 2024
- river discharge – Aug 2025
- river valley – Sample 2024
- rock-forming minerals – Sample 2024
- rotational period – Jan 2026
S
- saline aquifer – June 2025
- salinity – Sample 2024
- salt front – June 2025
- salt marsh – June 2025
- saltwater intrusion – June 2025
- sand fencing – June 2025
- sand mining – Aug 2026
- Saros series – Aug 2026
- sea ice – Sample 2024
- sea level rise – June 2025
- sea-floor spreading – Sample 2024
- seawall – June 2025
- sediment – Sample 2024
- sedimentation – Sample 2024
- seismic activity – Sample 2024
- shallow moonquakes – Sample 2024
- shear wave velocity – Sample 2024
- shield volcano – Sample 2024
- shoreline – June 2025
- silicate weathering – June 2026
- slow carbon cycle – June 2026
- slump blocks – Aug 2026
- snow cover – Sample 2024
- snowmelt – Aug 2026
- snowpack – Aug 2026
- soil carbon – June 2025
- solar cycle – June 2025
- solar eclipse – Sample 2024
- solar energy – June 2025
- solar evaporation ponds – June 2025
- solar mass – June 2025
- solar radiation – June 2026
- solar wind – Aug 2025
- specific heat – Aug 2026
- spectral class – June 2025
- spectrograph – Aug 2025
- spring tide – Aug 2026
- stalactites – Aug 2025
- states of matter – Sample 2024
- steering flow – Aug 2025
- stellar evolution – Aug 2025
- storm surge – June 2025
- storm track – Aug 2025
- stratosphere – June 2026
- stratovolcano – Sample 2024
- streak – Jan 2026
- streamflow – Aug 2026
- subatomic particles – June 2025
- subducting plate – Sample 2024
- subduction zone – Sample 2024
- submarine volcano – Aug 2026
- subsidence – June 2025
- supercontinent – Jan 2026
- Superfund site – June 2025
- supergiant – June 2025
- supermoon – Aug 2026
- surface ocean currents – June 2025
- surface trench – Sample 2024
T
- tailings – Jan 2026
- tailpipe emissions – June 2025
- temperature anomaly – Aug 2025
- terrestrial planets – June 2025
- thermal expansion – Aug 2026
- thermonuclear reactions – June 2025
- tidal bulge – Aug 2025
- tidal friction – Aug 2025
- total solar eclipse – Sample 2024
- total solar irradiance – Aug 2025
- trade winds – Aug 2025
- trajectory – Jan 2026
- transform plate boundary – Sample 2024
- transit – June 2026
- transition zone – Sample 2024
- transpiration – Aug 2025
- tributary – Sample 2024
- tropical storm – Aug 2025
- troposphere – Aug 2026
- tsunami deposits – Jan 2026
U
- ultramafic – June 2026
- ultraviolet radiation – Aug 2025
- universal gravitational constant – Aug 2025
- upper mantle – Sample 2024
- urbanization – June 2026
V
- velocity – Sample 2024
- visible light – Aug 2025
- volcanic arc – June 2025
- volcano – Sample 2024
W
- waning crescent moon – Sample 2024
- waning gibbous moon – Sample 2024
- water cycle – Aug 2025
- water flux – Sample 2024
- water quality – Aug 2025
- water table – June 2025
- water vapor – Sample 2024
- waterfall – Sample 2024
- watershed – June 2025
- waxing crescent moon – Sample 2024
- waxing gibbous moon – Sample 2024
- white dwarf – June 2025
- wildfire – June 2025
- wind erosion – June 2025
- wind speed – Aug 2025
Y
- Yarkovsky Effect – Jan 2026
- yellow dwarf star – June 2025
Z
- zodiac constellations – June 2026
Geologic time and named events
Named geologic periods, epochs and events from the released clusters, in alphabetical order.
- Cambrian explosion – Jan 2026
- Carboniferous Period – Jan 2026
- Devonian Period – Aug 2025
- Great Oxidation Event – Jan 2026
- Huronian ice ages – Jan 2026
- Industrial Revolution – June 2025
- Late Cretaceous and Early Cretaceous – Aug 2026
- Late Devonian Period – Jan 2026
- Little Ice Age – June 2025
- Maunder Minimum – June 2025
- Ordovician – Aug 2025
- Paleozoic and Mesozoic – June 2026
- Permian – Aug 2025
- Permian mass extinction – Jan 2026
- Pleistocene, Miocene and Eocene epochs – Aug 2026
- Silurian – Aug 2025
- Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous – Aug 2026
Earth materials
Rocks, minerals, elements, resources and pollutants named in the standards and the released clusters, grouped by source.
- From the standards: hydrogen, helium, iron, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, minerals, moon rocks, meteorites, fossil fuels, coal, tar sands, oil shales, petroleum, natural gas, biomass
Sample clusters
- Modeling of Earth's Interior: olivine, pyroxene, garnet, spinel, feldspar, quartz, silicates, magnesium and iron-bearing silicates, uranium, thorium and potassium, basalt
- Plate Tectonics: zircon, silicon, oxygen and zirconium, beach sand, river sediments and wind (eolian) deposits
- Theia and the Moon: uranium-238 and lead-206
June 2025 exam
- Stars and the Big Bang: hydrogen, helium, lithium and beryllium
- New York State's Hudson River: PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
- Mining and Use of Lithium: lithium, lithium carbonate
August 2025 exam
- The Power of Water: concrete, rebar
- Northern New York's Pyrites Complex: quartzite, granite, marble and gneiss, limestone, pyrite
- New York State Fossils of Note: sandstones and mudstones
- Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−), olivine, calcium carbonate
January 2026 exam
- Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State: magnetite, olivine, garnet and hematite, limestone and dolostone, crushed stone, aggregates (sand, gravel and crushed stone), emulsifier, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)
- Doggerland: peat
- Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park: shale, sandstone and limestone
- Energy and Mineral Resources: copper, nickel, zinc and rare Earth minerals
- The Carboniferous Period: peat, brown coal, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite
June 2026 exam
- The Slow Carbon Cycle: limestone and shale, silicate rocks and carbonate rocks, granite and basalt
- The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems: sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen (SO2, CO2, H2O, N2), calcite and basaltic rock
- New York’s Concrete Industry: limestone and clay, clinker, gypsum, Portland cement
- Lake Nyos: potassium feldspar, olivine, pyroxene and quartz
- The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific: granite, peridotite, conglomerate and schist, basalt
- The Siberian Traps: basaltic lava and volcaniclastic rocks, sulfur dioxide, nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum, wollastonite, talc and rare-earth elements
August 2026 exam
- Chesapeake Bay Impact Event: zircon crystals, granite, uranium-238 and uranium-235
- Canary Islands Hotspot: basalt, plagioclase feldspar
- Carbon Emissions in Industry: concrete, cement, sand and gravel, limestone (CaCO3)
Places, features and people
Named places, landforms, plates, currents and people the released clusters are built around, grouped by cluster so teachers can see the range of settings NYSED writes about. HS-ESS2-1 notes that assessment "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features", so these are context, not content to memorize.
Sample clusters
- Modeling of Earth's Interior: Juan de Fuca Ridge, Vancouver Island
- Plate Tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Appalachian Mountains, Caledonian Mountains, Central Pangean Mountains, Greenland, Atlantic Coast, Pacific Coast, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, North America, Rocky Mountains
- The Effect of The Moon on Earth: North Pole, France, La Rance River, La Rance Tidal Barrage, New York State, Vanderpool, Texas
- Earth's Climate: Arctic Ocean, Arctic Circle, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, East Greenland Current, Northern Europe, Norwegian Current
June 2025 exam
- Modeling Earth Systems to Understand Climate Change: Gulf Stream
- Stars and the Big Bang: Edwin Hubble
- New York State's Hudson River: Hudson River Estuary, Mohawk River, Adirondacks, New York Harbor, Hudson Falls, Fort Edward, Thompson Island Pool
- Mining and Use of Lithium: Atacama region of Chile
- Human Impact on Earth: Namibia
- Tectonics of Hawaiian Islands: Pacific Plate, Hawaiian Islands, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Loihi, Aleutian Trench, Tonga Trench
August 2025 exam
- The Power of Water: Niagara Falls, Niagara River, Horseshoe Falls, American Falls, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Niagara Gorge
- Horse Latitudes: Utica, New York, Bermuda High
- How Did Earth Get Its Water?: Long Island, Upper Glacial, Magothy and Lloyd aquifers, Long Island Sound, Fire Island
- Northern New York's Pyrites Complex: Pyrites Complex, Northwest Lowlands, Carthage-Colton Mylonite Zone, Adirondack Mountains, Tug Hill Plateau, St. Lawrence River, Adirondack Lowlands
- Earth-Moon History: Montauk Harbor
- Dams and Flood Mitigation: Kootenai River, Libby Dam
- New York State Fossils of Note: Gilboa, New York, Riverside Quarry
January 2026 exam
- Rubber Ducks and Pacific Ocean Trash: Great Pacific Garbage Patch, North Pacific Gyre, Kuroshio Current, California Current, North Pacific Current, Alaska Current
- Evolution of Early Earth Systems: Huronian Supergroup
- Mined and Mineral Resources of New York State: Woodbourne Flats Mine, Neversink River
- Doggerland: Doggerland, North Sea, Shetland Islands, Dublin, Ireland, Storegga Slide, Hommelstø, English Channel, Channel Tunnel
- Greenland's Glacial Ice: Greenland ice sheet, Baffin Bay, Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait
- Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park: Letchworth Gorge, Genesee River, Mount Morris Dam
- Energy and Mineral Resources: Kennecott Utah Copper Mine
- The Carboniferous Period: Gondwana, Laurussia, Paleo-Tethys Ocean, Rheic Ocean, Erie-Ontario Lowlands, Hudson River Valley, Allegheny Plateau
June 2026 exam
- Iceland Hotspot: Iceland, Reykjanes Ridge, East Pacific Rise, Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Cocos Plate, Nazca Plate, Eyjafjallajökull
- The Influence of Volcanoes on Earth’s Systems: Krakatoa, Mt. Pinatubo, Eurasian Plate, Philippine Plate, Indian Plate, Australian Plate, Java Trench, Mt. Merapi
- New York’s Concrete Industry: Manhattan Prong, St. Lawrence Valley
- Lake Nyos: Lake Nyos, Cameroon, Oku Volcanic Field, Mt. Cameroon
- The Complex Tectonics of the Western Pacific: Mariana Plate, Mariana Trench, West Mariana Ridge
- The Siberian Traps: Siberian Traps, Anabar Shield, Norilsk, Russia
August 2026 exam
- Cyclic Patterns: Jones Inlet, New York
- Chesapeake Bay Impact Event: Chesapeake Bay
- Canary Islands Hotspot: Canary Islands, La Palma, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, El Hierro, African Plate, Cumbre Vieja
- Dams on the Colorado River: Colorado River, Hoover Dam, Glen Canyon Dam, Lake Mead, Lake Powell, Grand Canyon
- Carbon Emissions in Industry: Yangtze River, Lake Poyang, Kingston, Albany
- The Aral Sea Region: Aral Sea, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Kok-Aral Dam, Caspian Sea, Volga River
- The Gulf: Gulf of America, Mississippi River, Loop Current, Laurasia, Gondwanaland, Tethys Sea, Galveston, Texas, Houston Ship Channel
- Full Supermoon Events in 2024: Plattsburgh, New York
- Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano: Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai, Reunion Island
- Stars and Elements in the Universe: Henrietta Leavitt
Celestial objects, spacecraft and instruments
Stars, planets and other celestial objects
Sample clusters
June 2025 exam
- Our Sun – A Star: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroid belt
- Stars and the Big Bang: Spica, Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Sirius B, Wolf 359
August 2025 exam
- Telescopes and the History of the Universe: Methuselah, Milky Way Galaxy, Libra
- How Did Earth Get Its Water?: Enceladus, Oort cloud
- Earth-Moon History: Oceanus Procellarum, Imbrium Basin
January 2026 exam
June 2026 exam
- Stars and Stellar Evolution: Andromeda Galaxy (M31), Almach, Mirach, Alpheratz
- The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): WD 1202-232, 21 Lyncis, Quyllur
- Planetary Transits: Kepler-16b, Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B, Lacaille 9352, Gliese 725 B
Spacecraft, telescopes, instruments and data sources
- From the standards: human-made satellites, deep probes, high-pressure laboratory experiments, stream table, station models, surface weather maps, satellite images, radar, forecast models, global climate models, computer simulation
June 2025 exam
August 2025 exam
- Telescopes and the History of the Universe: Hubble Space Telescope (HST), James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
January 2026 exam
- The Moons of Pluto: U.S. Naval Observatory
- Greenland's Glacial Ice: GISP2 drill
- Bennu: OSIRIS-REx, Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)
- Mount Morris Dam in Letchworth State Park: stream monitoring stations
June 2026 exam
August 2026 exam
- Chesapeake Bay Impact Event: Langley drill core
- Earth’s Oceans–A Climate Change Indicator: tide gauges and satellite measurements
- Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’pai Volcano: weather balloons
Reference tables
The NYSED reference tables listed on each standard's page.
- HS-ESS1-2: Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum Related to Earth and Space Sciences, Emission Spectra of Some Elements from Stars
- HS-ESS1-3: Generalized Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star, H-R Diagram, Life Cycles of Stars Model
- HS-ESS1-4: Solar System Objects Data Table
- HS-ESS1-5: Locations of Selected Hotspots, Global Tectonic Activity of the Last One Million Years
- HS-ESS1-6: Geologically Important Radioactive Elements Used for Radiometric Dating
- HS-ESS2-1: Generalized Surface Bedrock Geology of New York State, Geographic Province and Landscape Regions of New York State, Generalized Cross Section Model of Earth's Surface and Interior
- HS-ESS2-3: Model of Earth's Interior Structure, Model of Bowen's Reaction Series, Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks, Mineral Identification Flowchart
- HS-ESS2-4: Surface Ocean Currents Model
- HS-ESS2-5: Rock Cycle Infographic
- HS-ESS2-7: Geologic History of New York State
- HS-ESS2-8: Key to Weather Map Symbols, Model of Generalized Planetary Wind Belts in the Troposphere, Cross Section Model of Earth's Lower Atmosphere
- HS-ESS3-1: Energy and Mineral Resources of New York State
Equations and units
The standards name no equations or units. These are the relationships and units used in the released questions and their scoring rubrics; each links to the question it comes from.
Equations and relationships
- g = GmE/r2 (gravitational field strength at a distance r from Earth's center) – Aug 2025
- 2H + 3He → 4He + neutron + energy (a fusion reaction in the Sun's core) – Aug 2025
- CO2 + H2O forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) – June 2026
- carbon dioxide + water + silicate rocks → ions (silicate weathering) – June 2026
Units
- kilometer (km) and kilometers per second (km/sec) – Sample 2024
- millions of years – Sample 2024
- million years ago (Ma) – Sample 2024
- billions of years – Sample 2024
- kelvin (K) – Sample 2024
- kilograms per year (kg/yr) – Sample 2024
- percent (%) – Sample 2024
- miles (mi), miles per year (mi/yr) and kilometers per year (km/yr) – Sample 2024
- degrees (°) of tilt – June 2025
- meters of water equivalent – June 2025
- parts per million (ppm) – June 2025
- degrees Celsius (°C) – June 2025
- CO2 equivalent – June 2025
- metric tons – June 2025
- gigatons (GT) per year – June 2025
- years before present – June 2025
- light-year – June 2025
- megaparsec (Mpc) – June 2025
- seconds (s) – June 2025
- square miles – June 2025
- Hudson River Mile (HRM) – June 2025
- milligrams per liter (mg/L) – June 2025
- milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) – June 2025
- Earth days – June 2025
- centimeters per year (cm/yr) – June 2025
- tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) – June 2025
- cubic meters (m3) and square meters (m2) – June 2025
- millimeters (mm) – June 2025
- gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year – June 2025
- terawatt hours (TWh) – June 2025
- hectare (1 hectare = 2.47 acres) – June 2025
- degrees Fahrenheit (°F) – Aug 2025
- watts per square meter (W/m2) – Aug 2025
- degrees of latitude (°N, °S) – Aug 2025
- knots – Aug 2025
- grams per square meter per hour – Aug 2025
- million gallons per day – Aug 2025
- billion years ago (by) – Aug 2025
- feet (ft) – Aug 2025
- cubic meters per second (m3/s) – Aug 2025
- inches – Aug 2025
- millions of years ago (mya) – Aug 2025
- meters (m) – Aug 2025
- billion years ago (Ga) – Jan 2026
- parsec (1 parsec = 3.26 light-years) – Jan 2026
- acres – Jan 2026
- kilograms of CO2 per square meter (kg CO2/m2) – Jan 2026
- astronomical unit (AU) – Jan 2026
- gigatons (Gt), or billions of tons – Jan 2026
- parts per thousand (ppt) – Jan 2026
- grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) – Jan 2026
- grams per kilometer (g/km) – Jan 2026
- cubic kilometers – June 2026
- kilobar – June 2026
- grams per milliliter (g/mL) – June 2026
- joules – Aug 2026
- acre-foot – Aug 2026
- millions of acre-feet (maf) – Aug 2026
- gigatons of carbon (GtC) – Aug 2026
- millions of hectares – Aug 2026
- square kilometers – Aug 2026
- arc minutes – Aug 2026
- ppmv – Aug 2026
Implied terms
These terms are not named in the standards or released exams, but the NYSED wording points to them so directly that teachers will want to use them. Each entry quotes or describes the wording that implies it. Terms that could be argued either way are deliberately left out. Several assessment boundaries also limit what can be asked, so the terms behind them are not listed: HS-ESS1-1 "does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the Sun's nuclear fusion"; for HS-ESS1-3, "Details of the many different nucleosynthesis pathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed"; HS-ESS1-4 "should not deal with more than two bodies, nor involve calculus"; HS-ESS1-7 "does not include mathematical computations"; HS-ESS2-1 "does not include recalling the details of the formation of specific geographic features of Earth's surface"; HS-ESS2-4 is "limited to changes in surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, glacial ice volumes, sea levels, and biosphere distribution"; HS-ESS2-7 "does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems"; HS-ESS2-8 "is limited to surface weather maps and general weather patterns associated with high and low pressure systems"; HS-ESS3-3 is "limited to using provided multi-parameter programs or constructing simplified spreadsheet calculations"; HS-ESS3-5 "is limited to one example of a climate change and its associated impacts"; and HS-ESS3-6 "does not include running computational representations".
- energy balance (Earth's energy budget) – HS-ESS2-4: "Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate." The January 2026 Evolution of Early Earth Systems cluster compares the energy reaching Earth, the energy reflected from its surface and the energy absorbed by its atmosphere. Neither names the balance.
- greenhouse effect – HS-ESS2-2 describes "how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures", and the August 2025 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide rubric credits explaining that more carbon dioxide let less energy flow out of the atmosphere. The phrase itself is never used.
- lunar eclipse – HS-ESS1-7 asks how the relative positions of the moon, Earth and Sun cause "types of eclipses"; the released questions show only solar eclipses (annular and total, Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth).
- Milankovitch cycles – HS-ESS2-4: "Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet's axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on the earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages". The June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems cluster describes the 41,000-year obliquity cycle without naming Milankovitch.
- P-waves and S-waves – the Sample 2024 Modeling of Earth's Interior cluster graphs compressional-wave (Vp) and shear-wave (Vs) velocities through Earth's layers, and a rubric in the same cluster (question 2) credits the idea that shear waves cannot travel through the liquid outer core. HS-ESS2-3 names only "seismic waves".
- thermohaline circulation – HS-ESS2-4 lists "ocean circulation" among the causes of climate change, and two clusters model it as driven by density: cold Arctic water sinking while meltwater lowers the density of the North Atlantic (June 2025 Modeling Earth Systems), and salinity controlling whether surface water sinks (January 2026 Greenland's Glacial Ice). Neither uses the term.
- tidal range – the Sample 2024 Effect of the Moon on Earth cluster asks how the difference between low tide and high tide will change as the Moon moves away from Earth, and HS-ESS1-7 asks about the "strength of tides".
Page contributors: Conrad Richman, Shirley Shameen